Endocrine-disrupting chemicals in the Pearl River Delta and coastal environment: sources,transfer, and implications

A study was conducted to investigate the occurrence and behavior of six endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) in sewage, river water, and seawater from the Pearl River Delta (PRD). The six EDCs under study were 4-nonylphenol (NP), bisphenol A (BPA), 17α-ethynylestradiol (EE2), estrone (E2), 17β-estradiol (E2), and estriol (E3). These EDCs, predominated by BPA, were found in high levels in the influents and the effluents of sewage treatment plants in the area. The relatively high concentrations (0.23–625 ng/L) of the EDCs detected in the receiving river water suggested that the untreated sewage discharge was a major contributor. The EDCs detected in eight outlets of the Pear River and the Pear River Estuary were in the ranges of 1.2–234 and 0.2–178 ng/L, respectively. The estrogen equivalents in the aquatic environments under study ranged from 0.08 to 4.5 ng/L, with E1 and EE2 being the two predominant contributors. As the fluxes of the EDCs from the PRD region to the nearby ocean are over 500 tons each year, the results of this study point to the potential that Pearl River is a significant source of the EDCs to the local environment there.     

土壤综合治理技术─—空气抽取法和堆肥法结合使用治理土壤污染

文中介绍了国外用土壤空气抽取法和堆肥法清除土壤中有机溶剂、芳香烃类和石油污染物的技术及其应用。这两种方法单独使用均可成功地治理有害废弃物。实践证明，将这两种技术串联使用可更有效地处理土壤中污染物及加速生物降解过程。根据现场特点，利用多种治理技术综合治理土壤污染物是治理污染物的发展方向。     

驱排剂解堵工艺的研究与应用

吐哈温米油田属于低孔、低渗、低产能油藏,原油含蜡量、沥青质较高,油井的近井地带结垢严重。文章介绍了驱排剂的解堵作用原理、酸化工作液配方、驱排剂解堵工艺技术和现场应用效果。研究结果表明,驱排剂解堵工艺技术对解除油井的堵塞具有良好的效果,对提高油井的产液能力有重要作用,同时又是低渗透油田增产的一种新工艺。从2004年7月份开始,温米油田利用驱排剂解堵后油井平均单井日增油量3.0t,日增液量21.0t,动液面平均上升400.00m,平均单井有效生产期为90天以上。     

超临界流体技术在非均相催化反应中的应用研究

利用超临界流体良好的溶解性能和扩散性能可以很好地解决非均相催化剂的失活问题。介绍了超临界流体的特性及其化学反应的基础理论,进一步探讨了超临界流体技术在非均相催化反应和酶催化反应方面的应用研究,并指出其存在的问题和发展方向。     

MOE法在土壤侵蚀危险评价中的应用

影响土壤侵蚀的因索很多,有自然因素(如地形、植被、土壤、降雨等)和人为因素,这些因素中既有量化指标如坡度、降雨等自然因素,也有土地利用、土壤母质等不可量化的指标.这些因素的共同作用,使得单纯在GIS下利用叠加的方法对土壤侵蚀潜在危险进行判别带来一定的困难(如人为因素的最化问题等).多标准评价法(Multi-Criteria Evaluation,MCE)可以将难以量化的指标进行量化处理,并综合考虑多种囚素埘口标的影响,通过加权线性合并及布尔叠加的方法,在众多因素或是相互矛盾的客观实际中确定一种折中的优化方案,来对目标作出客观的评价.主要介绍了多标准评价法的概念及其方法原理,并以江西兴国县为例,介绍了该方法在土壤侵蚀评价中的实现过程.在土壤侵蚀评价因子的选用上,先取了植被指数(LAI)、土地利用、坡度、土壤母质、高程、道路、降雨及人口密度八个因子,根据实际情况确定单个因子在不同指标水平下可能造成的潜在土壤侵蚀危险等级;然后将因子组成矩阵,通过两两比较,来判断各因子的权重;把权重与相应的因子图相乘得到带权重值因子的栅格图,这些栅格图再进行统一的标准化处理,最后将标准化处理的栅格图通过叠加生成潜在侵蚀危险分布图.结果表明,兴国县大部分是微度侵蚀危险地区,呈连片分布,中、低度侵蚀危险主要分布在平原及沟谷地带,呈零星态,二者呈相互交错.微度危险、低度危险及中度危险区域分别占兴国县总面积的37.9%、29.2%及30.4%.三者之和为97.5%,高侵蚀危险及极高侵蚀危险的面积只占2.5%,且呈零星分布.这与兴国县的土壤侵蚀分布现状基本一致,多标准评价法应用在土壤侵蚀危险评价上是切实可行的.     

Uncertainty assessment of mapping mercury contaminated soils of a rapidly industrializing city in the Yangtze River Delta of China using sequential indicator co-simulation

Accurate characterization of heavy-metal contaminated areas and quantification of the uncertainties inherent in spatial prediction are crucial for risk assessment, soil remediation, and effective management recommendations. Topsoil samples (0–15 cm) (n = 547) were collected from the Zhangjiagang suburbs of China. The sequential indicator co-simulation (SIcS) method was applied for incorporating the soft data derived from soil organic matter (SOM) to simulate Hg concentrations, map Hg contaminated areas, and evaluate the associated uncertainties. High variability of Hg concentrations was observed in the study area. Total Hg concentrations varied from 0.004 to 1.510 mg kg⁻¹ and the coefficient of variation (CV) accounts for 70%. Distribution patterns of Hg were identified as higher Hg concentrations occurred mainly at the southern part of the study area and relatively lower concentrations were found in north. The Hg contaminated areas, identified using the Chinese Environmental Quality Standard for Soils critical values through SIcS, were limited and distributed in the south where the SOM concentration is high, soil pH is low, and paddy soils are the dominant soil types. The spatial correlations between Hg and SOM can be preserved by co-simulation and the realizations generated by SIcS represent the possible spatial patterns of Hg concentrations without a smoothing effect. Once the Hg concentration critical limit is given, SIcS can be used to map Hg contaminated areas and quantitatively assess the uncertainties inherent in the spatial prediction by setting a given critical probability and calculating the joint probability of the obtained areas.     

Characterization of contaminants and evaluation of the suitability for land application of maize and sludge biochars

Prior to the application of biochar as an agricultural improver, attention should be paid to the potential introduction of toxicants and resulting unintended impacts on the environment. In the present study, the concentrations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), heavy metals, and mineral elements were determined in maize and sludge biochars produced at 100 °C increments between 200 and 700 °C. The concentration ranges of total PAHs were 358–5,136 μg kg^?1 in maize biochars and 179–70,385 μg kg^?1 in sludge biochars. The total heavy metals were detected at the following concentrations (mg kg^?1): Cu, 20.4–56.7; Zn, 59.7–133; Pb, 1.44–3.50; Cd, <0.014; Cr, 8.08–21.4; Ni, 4.38–9.82 in maize biochars and Cu, 149–202; Zn, 735–986; Pb, 54.7–74.2; Cd, 1.06–1.38; Cr, 180–247; Ni, 41.1–56.1 in sludge biochars. The total concentrations of PAHs and heavy metals in all maize biochars and most sludge biochars were below the control standards of sludge for agricultural use in China, the USA, and Europe. The leachable Mn concentrations in sludge biochars produced at below 500 °C exceeded the groundwater or drinking water standards of these countries. Overall, all the maize biochars were acceptable for land application, but sludge biochars generated at temperatures between 200 and 500 °C were unsuitable for application as soil amendments due to their potential adverse effects on soil and groundwater quality.     

中国水稻土有机和无机碳的空间分布特征

农业土壤碳库对陆地生态系统碳循环的研究具有重要意义。水稻土是中国主要的耕作土壤,在土壤碳固定研究中具有现实意义。文章根据最近建成的中国1∶100万数字化土壤图和全国1490个水稻土剖面数据,估算我国水稻土碳密度和储量,并进一步分亚类和区域研究了水稻土碳库的分布特征。结果表明,中国水稻土面积为45.69×104km2,占我国土壤总面积的4.92%。中国水稻土无机碳的分布面积为5.93×104km2,仅占水稻土总面积的13%。水稻土碳密度具有高度的空间变异性,水稻土剖面0~100cm有机碳密度介于0.53kg·m-2~446.2kg·m-2之间,无机碳密度介于0.05kg·m-2~90.03kg·m-2。水稻土表层0~20cm有机碳密度介于0.17kg·m-2~55.38kg·m-2之间,无机碳密度介于0.01kg·m-2~21.85kg·m-2。中国水稻土剖面0~100cm和表层0~20cm碳总储量分别为5.39Pg和1.79Pg。水稻土碳储量以有机碳为主,约占水稻土碳总储量的95%,水稻土剖面0~100cm和表层0~20cm有机碳储量分别为5.09Pg和1.72Pg。水稻土无机碳储量较低,仅占水稻土碳总储量的5%左右,水稻土剖面0~100cm和表层0~20cm无机碳储量分别为0.30Pg和0.07Pg。     

禹城地区土壤铅含量空间分布的指示克里格估值

以鲁西北禹城地区土壤重金属Pb含量为例,针对其存在特异值与偏态分布的特点,利用指示克里格法研究了土壤Pb含量小于特定阈值的条件概率分布,分析了该地区土壤Pb含量的空间分布特征,并对普通克里格和指示克里格的估值效果进行交叉验证。结果表明：研究区土壤Pb含量总体较低,未超过国家标准的限值,但不同部位土壤Pb含量差异较大;普通克里格法和指示克里格法形成的土壤Pb含量空间分布格局相似,但普通克里格法的平滑效果强于指示克里格法;研究区域土壤环境质量总体良好,Pb含量高值区主要集中在各乡镇驻地附近的农田;指示克里格对土壤Pb含量空间估值的精度优于普通克里格,指示克里格法更适用于原始数据呈非正态分布且特异值对估值结果有较大影响的土壤属性。本研究结果为该地区土壤环境质量评价和重金属污染防控提供科学依据。     

Adapting to droughts in Yuanyang Terrace of SW China: insight from disaster risk reduction

Despite international focus on how to facilitate adaptation to droughts in a changing climate, a good deal of adaptation will be enacted at the local level. Focusing on the Yuanyang Terrace of SW China (a very famous agricultural heritage site), this study illustrates that land use change, dynamic adaptation and Public-Private Partnership (PPP) are the main measures to reduce the drought disaster risk and have the important role in adapting to droughts based on methodology of the land use survey, household questionnaire, local government and companies’ interview. And a new conceptual model of adaptation from the insight of Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR) was proposed in spatial, temporal and social dimensions. It is a good practice to adapt to disaster risk and agricultural heritage conservation by tourism development. Adaptive risk management is more important in adapting to disaster risk in order to maintain heritages conservation and local livelihood improvement.