湿法稀土清洁生产工艺研究

对某稀土湿法冶炼工艺进行了清洁生产主案研究，结果表明，精矿ＲＥＯ浸取率由９０％提高到９７％，从酸浸废液中年回收硫酸亚铁３０００ｔ；从碱转废液中年回收硫酸钠３０００ｔ；废吕中氟回收率８６％；生产废话水排放量削减５８％，废水污泥量削减９０％；经济效益年２００万元以上。     

废铅酸蓄电池铅膏铵法预脱硫过程的动力学分析

以废铅酸蓄电池中铅膏为研究对象,开展了用NH_4HCO_3为脱硫剂对铅膏进行脱硫转化的实验研究。通过分析反应过程中PbSO_4转化率随时间的变化关系,考察了搅拌速度、反应温度及NH_4HCO_3浓度对铅膏脱硫转化的影响;利用固液多相反应的收缩核模型,分析了反应的动力学过程,并计算了反应的表观活化能及表观反应级数。结果表明:在实验选取的条件范围内,提高反应温度、增大NH_4HCO_3浓度及加快搅拌速度均可以促进铅膏的脱硫转化;表观活化能为9.7 kJ·mol~(-1),表观反应级数为0.71,反应过程受内扩散步骤控制。研究结果可为铅膏铵法预脱硫技术能高效、低耗的应用提供参考。     

人防工程消防系统设计的若干问题

从人防工程内消防系统的重要性入手,分别从消防水源、消火栓系统的独立分区、消防阀门的设置以及消防排水4个方面探讨了人防工程内消防设计的一些常见问题,强调设计中应考虑平、战结合,方便临战时转换。     

基于实验模拟的广州市餐饮油烟VOCs排放特征及风险评估

随着城市餐饮行业的快速发展,餐饮源已逐渐成为大气挥发性有机物（VOCs）的主要来源之一。为深入了解广州市餐饮油烟的排放特征,科学制定广州市餐饮源的减排对策,在实验室搭建烹饪平台模拟烹饪过程,探讨不同油温、食用油种类和菜系类型对烹饪油烟排放VOCs组分的影响,并采集广州市典型商圈川菜馆、湘菜馆、粤菜馆、越南菜馆4家餐馆排放的餐饮油烟废气,利用气相色谱质谱仪分析研究4家餐馆油烟废气VOCs组分特征。结果表明：不同食用油、不同油温和不同菜系下所产生的VOCs浓度及组分特征存在较大差异。烹饪油烟VOCs的排放质量浓度与温度呈正相关。东南亚和川菜烹饪方式产生的油烟VOCs均以羰基化合物为主,而油炸类烹饪方式（炸薯条）则以羰基化合物和烷烃类同为主导。炸薯条、东南亚菜和川菜烹饪油烟VOCs的羰基化合物中,乙醛占比突出。乙醛在猪油油烟中占比最高（60.4%）,其次是花生油（53%）。对比环境空气样品,部分醛类物质（丁烯醛、甲基丙烯醛、苯甲醛、戊醛和己醛）在餐饮油烟VOCs中均有检出。结合实验模拟和外场监测结果表明,静电式的油烟净化器可以有效去除乙醛。苯系物在餐饮油烟废气中检出浓度的最小值均高于周边环境样品。4家餐馆中仅湘菜馆的油烟废气中苯的致癌风险＞10^-4,有显著致致癌风险。建议应依据餐饮油烟VOCs关键组分和污染类型,对餐饮行业进行规范科学的管理。     

Exploring the embodied carbon flow interactive relationships in China from an ecological network perspective: a model framework and application at provincial level

Environmental Science and Pollution Research - Energy-related carbon emissions take a large proportion in China, and the interregional trade caused by provincial disparities has led to significant...     

火电厂锅炉再热器联络管裂纹分析及处理

某火电厂亚临界锅炉墙式再热器蒸汽出口至屏式再热器联络管母管及排空气管接管座产生裂纹发生渗漏。通过对墙式再热器出口管道排空气管接管座裂纹特征、结构型式、管道现场布置情况、运行环境等方面进行综合分析,认为排空气管道安装布置不合理,无保温措施,导致冷凝水倒流,形成热疲劳裂纹并逐步延伸扩展。确认产生裂纹的原因后,优化管道安装布置、对接管座结构型式做出改进并对产生裂纹的管道进行了更换,改进后锅炉运行约1.8× 10⁴ h后复检无缺陷。     

在用国Ⅲ/国Ⅳ/国Ⅴ柴油公交车的颗粒物质量及固态PM2.5数量排放特性

利用法规认证全流稀释定容采样系统以及满足精度要求的颗粒物排放分析系统,运行GB/T 19754—2005《重型混合动力电动汽车能量消耗量试验方法》推荐的中国典型城市公交循环(CCBC),分析了在用国Ⅲ/国Ⅳ/国Ⅴ柴油公交车以及在用国Ⅲ柴油公交车进行DOC(氧化催化转化器)+CDPF(催化型颗粒捕集器)改造后的颗粒物质量、固态PM_2.5数量排放特性.结果表明:国Ⅲ、国Ⅳ、国Ⅴ柴油公交车的颗粒物质量排放因子分别为63.77、63.20和14.42 mg/km,固态PM_2.5数量排放因子分别为3.87×1013、3.10×1013和2.77×1013 km-1.与国Ⅲ柴油公交车相比,国Ⅳ柴油公交车的颗粒物质量、固态PM_2.5数量排放因子分别降低了1%和20%;国Ⅴ柴油公交车分别降低了77%和28%;进行DOC+CDPF改造的国Ⅲ公交车颗粒物质量、固态PM_2.5颗粒数量排放因子分别为1.78 mg/km和3.19×1011 km-1,比未改造前分别降低了97%和99%.中国典型城市公交循环的低速(0～21.8 km/h)、中低速(0～37.5 km/h)、中高速(0～51.7 km/h)和高速(0～60.0 km/h)4类行驶工况中,低速行驶工况的固态PM_2.5数量排放因子最高,约是整个循环的2倍;在加速、匀速、减速、怠速4种行驶模式中,加速行驶模式产生的固态PM_2.5单位时间排放量最高,其分别为减速和怠速行驶模式下的10和6倍.研究显示,提高柴油公交车的平均车速,降低加速行驶比例有利于降低其颗粒物排放;DOC+CDPF可显著降低国Ⅲ柴油公交车的颗粒物排放.      

人工纳米材料对斑马鱼生态毒理效应研究进展

随着纳米技术的快速发展,人工纳米材料在光电、生物医药、化妆品等诸多领域得到了广泛应用。人工纳米材料在生产、使用和废弃处理等过程中,不可避免地通过水体、土壤、大气等进入环境,其对环境产生的生态效应逐渐引起国内外的广泛关注。斑马鱼(Danio rerio)作为一种重要的脊椎模式生物,在环境毒理学研究中应用广泛,可以作为检测人工纳米材料生态毒理效应的一种重要工具。本文介绍了人工纳米材料对水生态环境的影响及斑马鱼在生态毒理学研究中的优势,总结了其对斑马鱼的毒性效应,主要包括急性毒性和对个体发育的影响、对组织细胞及基因表达的影响,分析了人工纳米材料对斑马鱼的毒性机制,以期为人工纳米材料毒理学研究提供基础信息。     

Phytoremediation of petroleum hydrocarbons in tropical coastal soils II. microbial response to plant roots and contaminant

GOAL, SCOPE AND BACKGROUND: The goal of this study was to understand the interaction between plants and microorganisms during petroleum-hydrocarbon bioremediation in Pacific Islands coastal soils. Total bacteria and hydrocarbon-degrading microorganisms population dyanamics were examined in the rhizospheres of tropical trees and shrubs, which were evaluated for their phytoremediation potential in a greenhouse experiment. The respective and combined effects of plant roots and diesel contaminant on the microbial populations were determined in relation to diesel fuel depletion. An increase in the grading populations size of the hydrocarbon-degrading populations of microbes, elicited by rhizodeposition, is generally regarded as conducive to an enhanced degradation of petroleum hydrocarbon pollutants in vegetated soil. METHODS: The soil was a coastal sandy loam (pH 7.8) which was artificially contaminated with 10 g of No. 2 diesel fuel/kg soil or left uncontaminated. The pots were irrigated with fertilizer and 1% NaCl. The enumerations were carried out in the contaminated and uncontaminated rhizospheres of three trees, kiawe (Prosopis pallida), milo (Thespesia populnea), and kou (Cordia subcordata) and three shrubs, beach naupaka (Scaevola sericea), false sandalwood (Myoporum sandwicense), and oleander (Nerium oleander). Unplanted control soils were included in the experiment. Total bacteria and phenanthrene-degrading bacteria were enumerated on plates. Diesel- and pristane-degrading microorganisms were enumerated by the most-probable-number technique in tissue-culture plates. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: All four types of microorganisms responded to the rhizosphere of the 6 plants in uncontaminated soil and to the diesel contaminant in unplanted soil. In contaminated rhizospheres, no effect of the plant on the hydrocarbon-degrader numbers was visible. Total bacteria responded more to the plant roots than to the contaminant. The phenanthrene-degrading bacteria and pristane-degrading microorganisms were more influenced by the contaminant than by the plants. The diesel-degrading microorganisms were equally stimulated by the plants and the contaminant. The numbers of hydrocarbon degraders were similar in the contaminated rhizospheres of the three effective plants (kiawe, kou, and milo) and in those of the three ineffective shrubs. CONCLUSION: The results suggest the quality of the rhizodeposition is plant-dependent and governs the type of diesel-degrader populations that will be enhanced by a given plant. RECOMMENDATIONS AND OUTLOOK: In the proposed phytoremediation-benefit model plant roots maintain high levels of hydrocaron degraders in uncontaminated soil. When the root enters a contaminated zone of soil, those hydrocarbon degraders that prefer the contaminant would switch to the contaminant as a carbon source, effectively removing the hydrocarbons. If the root exudates and the contaminant are equally attractive to the hydrocarbon degraders, the contaminant degradaton would be less effective.