京、津、冀地区地闪特征的统计分析

京、津、冀地区地闪的区域特征十分明显,利用该地区2004年的地闪的定位资料,通过分析得到以下主要结论:(1)正地闪占总闪的比率为10.86%,而各地区正地闪占总地闪的百分率与相应地闪产生地区的中心纬度之间都存在着很好的线性关系.由于与中、低纬度地区相比,高纬度地区雷暴云整体高度发展得较低,雷暴云中主正电荷区域的位置也较低,因此高纬度地区较中、低纬度地区的正地闪发生得多.(2)雷暴以7月份为最多,且7月份地闪次数的逐日分布较均匀.(3)地闪在空间分布上有4个相对较为集中的区域,这些区域主要是山地的迎风坡、或下垫面水汽的充足处、或人口相对集中的城市中心区.     

气候条件对中国水稻稻飞虱为害规律的影响

稻飞虱除了在海南、广东、广西、二南南部冬季有少量虫源存活外，在中国其它大部分地区常年均不能越冬，春秋季初始虫源主要来自于国外。越南是中国稻飞虱的主要初始虫源地，中国稻飞虱直接来自越南红河三角洲，而最初的虫源地为泪公河三角洲。入境后的稻飞虱每年均出现有规律的５次由南向北和３次由北向南的迁飞过程。暖冬使越南等境外或中国稻飞虱越冬区的稻飞虱迁入期提前，为害期延长．中国稻飞虱发生较重的年份大多出现在３—５月副高较强的年份．厄尔尼诺年的次年中国稻飞虱有可能严重发生。     

基于IRBFNN和PCA的电网预想故障安全运行评估方法研究

为了更快速直观地监视、分析和评估故障后电网的安全运行状态,提出了基于径向基函数(radical basis function,RBF)神经网络和主成分分析法(principal component analysis,PCA)的评估模型。利用带衰减因子的吸引力传播(affinity propagation,AP)聚类算法选择RBF神经网络中心和隐含层节点数,同时提出了扩展的电网运行状态安全评估指标,利用越限指标权重和指数阶数避免了安全评估的遮蔽现象,利用主成分分析选取RBF神经网络的输入矢量特征,最后通过IEEE-30节点仿真算例验证了所提模型的有效性。     

火灾下钢筋混凝土梁热力学性能数值模拟分析

为了研究火灾下钢筋混凝土(RC)简支梁的热力学性能,建立火灾高温下RC梁的数值分析模型,与火灾试验对比验证模型的有效性;分别对4根完全相同的RC梁进行不同受火试验,研究受火时间、混凝土高温爆裂及钢筋-混凝土黏结高温退化对RC梁截面温度场分布、钢筋应力与滑移量分布、残余抗弯承载力的影响规律。研究结果表明：截面温度梯度随受火时间增长而扩大,底部角筋比其他纵筋升温均快;混凝土爆裂对直接受火面10 mm厚度范围内温度影响较为显著,角筋升温速率随受火时间增长而增大;底部纵筋应力随受火时间增长而下降,中筋的应力高于角筋;钢混界面滑移量随受火时间增长而增大,底部中筋的滑移量小于角筋;残余抗弯承载力随受火时间增长而线性减小;爆裂深度对残余抗弯承载力的影响程度要高于爆裂面积,跨中1/5跨长位置爆裂对残余抗弯承载力影响最大。     

垃圾渗滤液层状砂箱参数拟合试验及模拟

基于相似模拟条件,研究了垃圾渗滤液污染物在层状含水层中运移规律,通过数值模拟方法拟合了层状含水层的渗透性及弥散度,利用拟合参数分析了阜新垃圾填埋场有机污染物在地下环境中的迁移和时空分布规律,该实验和数值模型较好地反映了层状土中污染物渗漏的基本特征,对预测、控制渗滤液污染地下水提供了一种有效的方法。     

Variations between rice cultivars in root secretion of organic acids and the relationship with plant cadmium uptake

To attempt to understand certain mechanisms causing the variations between rice cultivars with regard to Cd uptake and accumulation, pot soil experiments were conducted with two rice cultivars at different levels of Cd, i.e., 0 (the control), 10, 50 mg Cd kg⁻¹ soil. The two rice cultivars differ significantly with regard to Cd uptake and accumulation. Root secretions of low-molecular-weight organic acids (LMWOA) for each treatment were measured with ion chromatography. The results showed that LMWOA concentrations in the soil planted with Shan you 63 (a high soil Cd accumulator) were all higher than those in the soil planted with Wu yun jing 7 (low soil Cd accumulator) at different soil Cd levels, although the magnitudes of the differences varied for individual LMWOA and depend on soil Cd concentrations. For all six LMWOA, there were significant differences at P < 0.05 or < 0.01 levels for soils treated with 10 and 50 mg kg⁻¹ Cd. The magnitude of the differences was greater under soil Cd treatments, especially at relatively low levels (for example, 10 mg Cd kg⁻¹ soil), than in the control. Acetic acid and formic acid constituted more than 96% of the total concentration of the six LMWOA, while citric acid constituted only about 0.1%. The rice cultivar with higher concentrations of LMWOA in soil accumulated more Cd in the plants. The results indicate that LMWOA secretion by rice root, especially in Cd-contaminated soils, is likely to be one of the mechanisms determining the plant Cd uptake properties of rice cultivars.     

上海化学工业区土壤重金属元素形态分析

选取上海化学工业区土壤背景值样品，采用Tessier A连续提取法研究土壤中6种重金属元素的形态分布。研究结果表明，在该化工区土壤中，Cd主要以可交换态和铁锰氧化物结合态为主，分别占总量的41．5％和36．7％，说明元素Cd较活泼，具有潜在的环境影响能力，应该给予更多的关注；Cr、Cu、Ni和Zn等4种元素主要以有机结合态和残余态为主，两者分别占总量的41．4％、58．9％、31．4、32．5％和45．9％、31．5％、57．4％、52．3％；而Pb则主要以有机结合态形式存在，其占总量的87．8％；元素形态分析表明Cr、Cu、Ni、Zn和Pb这5种元素相对比较稳定。     

土壤水溶解态有机物质与重金属的络合作用

水溶解态有机物质与重金属离子的络合反应对土壤重金属化学行为的影响十分显著。文章综述了土壤水溶解态有机物质与重金属离子之间相互作用的研究进展,讨论了水溶解态有机物质与络合反应有关的性质,以及水溶态有机物质与重金属的络合作用的问题。     

Effects of an iron-silicon material,a synthetic zeolite and an alkaline clay on vegetable uptake of As and Cd from a polluted agricultural soil and proposed remediation mechanisms

Economic and highly effective methods of in situ remediation of Cd and As polluted farmland in mining areas are urgently needed. Pot experiments with Brassica chinensis L. were carried out to determine the effects of three soil amendments [a novel iron-silicon material (ISM), a synthetic zeolite (SZ) and an alkaline clay (AC)] on vegetable uptake of As and Cd. SEM–EDS and XRD analyses were used to investigate the remediation mechanisms involved. Amendment with ISM significantly reduced the concentrations of As and Cd in edible parts of B. chinensis (by 84–94 % and 38–87 %, respectively), to levels that met food safety regulations and was much lower than those achieved by SZ and AC. ISM also significantly increased fresh biomass by 169–1412 % and 436–731 % in two consecutive growing seasons, while SZ and AC did not significantly affect vegetable growth. Correlation analysis suggested that it was the mitigating effects of ISM on soil acidity and on As and Cd toxicity, rather than nutrient amelioration, that contributed to the improvement in plant growth. SEM–EDS analysis showed that ISM contained far more Ca, Fe and Mn than did SZ or AC, and XRD analysis showed that in the ISM these elements were primarily in the form of silicates, oxides and phosphates that had high capacities for chemisorption of metal(loid)s. After incubation with solutions containing 800 mg L^?1 AsO₄ ^2? or Cd²⁺, ISM bound distinctly higher levels of As (6.18 % in relative mass percent by EDS analysis) and Cd (7.21 % in relative mass percent by EDS analysis) compared to SZ and AC. XRD analysis also showed that ISM facilitated the precipitation of Cd²⁺ as silicates, phosphates and hydroxides, and that arsenate combined with Fe, Al, Ca and Mg to form insoluble arsenate compounds. These precipitation mechanisms were much more active in ISM than in SZ or AC. Due to the greater pH elevation caused by the abundant calcium silicate, chemisorption and precipitation mechanisms in ISM treatments could be further enhanced. That heavy metal(loid)s fixation mechanisms of ISM ensure the remediation more irreversible and more resilient to environmental changes. With appropriate application rate and proper nutrients supplement, the readily available and economic ISM is a very promising amendment for safe crop production on multi-metal(loids) polluted soils.     

成都城区蔬菜地土壤中农药残留及其分布特征

采用GC-ECD检测、GC/MS-MS确证的方法对成都城区14个区县蔬菜地土壤中23种有机氯农药（OCPs）进行分析,以揭示OCPs的残留现状及其分布特征。结果表明,OCPs残留水平在不同区县间差异很大,变化范围20.18～104.33μg.kg-1之间,近郊区县（双流、龙泉驿、郫县、新都、温江）远低于边缘区县。被检出的18种OCPs中,DDTs、HCHs检出率最高（100%）,残留水平为16.11～99.51、1.31～9.34μg.kg-1,分别占OCPs残留总量质量分数的87.68%、8.15%;六氯苯（HCB）次之（90%）;灭蚁灵、环氧七氯、硫丹Ⅰ和γ-氯丹也有不同程度的检出（44.29%～47.14%）,主要分布在近郊区县;艾氏剂、狄氏剂、异狄氏剂、毒杀芬的检出率较低（32.86%～37.14%）,多分布于彭州、都江堰、大邑、崇州等地。土壤中OCPs的各种异构体、代谢物变化规律显示,DDTs、HCHs残留主要源于早期的使用或大气输入,但不排除金堂、青白江、新津地区近期可能有新的DDTs输入,崇州、彭州、都江堰、大邑地区可能有HCHs输入。