铁元素对有机物厌氧降解的影响研究

不同价态的铁元素氧化还原性不同,对有机物的厌氧生物降解过程的影响也不同。以邻氟苯酚和硝基苯为目标污染物,投铁量为20～100mg／L的条件下,单质铁能加速硝基苯的厌氧降解,对2-氟酚降解的影响则很小;二价铁和三价铁对两种物质都表现出一定的抑制作用,投加浓度越高,抑制作用越明显。     

壳聚糖改性生物炭的制备及其对水溶液中Cd2+的吸附机制

以猕猴桃枝为原料,壳聚糖作为胺基表面改性剂,制备了一种绿色环保、对环境中重金属有良好吸附效果的功能性生物炭材料.采用批量吸附实验研究了改性前后生物炭的吸附性能.借助SEM-EDS、FTIR 和XPS表征方法,分析了改性前后生物炭的形貌结构和官能团变化,探究了其对溶液中Cd²⁺的吸附机制.结果表明,改性后的生物炭表面,引入了羟基（—OH）、羰基（—C=O）和氨基（—NH₂）等基团,显著提高了吸附性能,对Cd²⁺的吸附量较改性前增加107.12%.Lagergren准二级动力学模型和Langmuir等温吸附方程能较好地描述吸附过程,说明吸附速率由材料表面活性位点决定,吸附过程以化学吸附为主.对Cd²⁺的吸附机制主要是配位作用、表面沉淀作用、离子交换作用和阳离子—π键作用,吸附过程为自发的吸热过程.经过5次吸附-解吸循环后,改性后生物炭对Cd²⁺的吸附容量仍保持在初始吸附量的80%以上,表现出良好的可重复利用性.研究成果体现绿色化学的理念,所制备的壳聚糖改性生物炭可应用于镉污染水体和土壤的修复.     

阻燃高抗冲聚苯乙烯/有机改性蒙脱土纳米复合材料阻燃效应的研究(Ⅰ)--传统阻燃剂与改性蒙脱土的阻燃协效性

运用"一步熔融共混法"制备了包含十溴联苯醚(DBDPO)-氧化锑(Sb2O3)和蒙脱土(MMT)-十六烷基三甲基溴化铵(C16BrN)阻燃体系的高抗冲聚苯乙烯(HIPS)复合材料,并通过X射线衍射(XRD)、透射电镜(TEM)、UL 94垂直燃烧测试和锥形量热计等测试手段对其结构形貌和燃烧性能进行了表征.结果表明,在传统阻燃剂DBDPO存在前提下,仍然获取了具有插层结构的高抗冲聚苯乙烯/蒙脱土(HIPS/MMT)纳米复合材料.燃烧特性实验发现两种阻燃体系在HIPS基体中具有良好协效性,复合材料热释放速率大幅下降.这种效应为减少溴系阻燃剂用量以降低生产成本和减轻不良环境效应提供了依据,对于发展绿色环保型高性能聚合物阻燃复合材料非常有意义.     

地震作用下含泥岩夹层盐岩储气库的动态响应

为探讨含泥岩夹层盐岩储气库的抗震稳定性,利用有限差分法软件FLAC^3D,建立了深部盐岩储气库数值模型,研究了地震作用下含泥岩夹层盐岩储气库的动态响应,包括储气库围岩的应力状态变化,地震动幅值,变形特性和稳定性等。结果表明:在地震作用下,泥岩夹层及其附近盐岩中等效应力明显大于相邻部位,此处为抗震薄弱部位;储气库围岩地震动幅值较大,但向内空变形很小,呈现“整体运动”的特点;流变性盐岩塑性区变化不大,弹塑性泥岩夹层塑性区随地震加速度幅值增大而扩展;较高工作内压和围岩的联合约束作用,使地震作用下含泥岩夹层盐岩储气库可保持其整体稳定性。     

湖北农村民居现状调查与震害预测

通过对湖北农村民居建筑结构、抗震设防以及居民抗震意识的调查,分析了湖北农村民居的结构特点和建造现状,得到了湖北农村民居在结构形式、建筑材料、建造年代、场地条件及连接构造等方面的统计数据。在此基础上,采用震害预测方法对湖北农村民居在不同地震烈度时的震害进行了预测,给出了各结构类型的震害预测结果,为湖北省农村地震灾害的综合防御提供了科学依据。     

Effects of Spartina alterniflora invasion on quality of the red-crowned crane (Grus japonensis) wintering habitat

The core zone of the Yancheng National Natural Reserve (YNNR) in China is the largest wintering habitat of red-crowned cranes (cranes) in the world. However, the invasion of Spartina alterniflora (S. alterniflora) not only changed the original landscape structure of the wetlands but also impacted the cranes’ habitats in the YNNR. In this paper, field investigation data and landscape pattern indices were used to analyze the effects of the S. alterniflora invasion on the habitat quality of wintering cranes. The results indicate that the seep weed (Suaeda salsa) in the natural wetland and the common reed (Phragmites australis) in the managed wetland both provide suitable habitats for cranes. However, the cranes prefer the natural wetland more. The explosive growth of S. alterniflora in the natural area has led to a significant reduction of the cranes’ habitat. The area of crane habitat decreased from 52.07 km² in 2000 to 22.36 km² in 2015. As a result of the S. alterniflora invasion, the benthic biomass has declined, which has negatively impacted the quantity and structure of the food utilized by the cranes. This study has both theoretical and practical significance and provides a scientific basis for protecting the wintering habitat of the red-crowned cranes.

     

建筑施工安全生产人力资源调配研究

调查研究了施工企业安全生产管理人力资源需求,分析了施工企业安全管理人力资源调配中存在的岗位和能力不匹配问题,探讨了形成这一现状的原因,并提出"直跃式"晋升方式用以改善人力资源错配问题。     

Isolation and identification of potential fungal species for spent engine lubrication oil remediation in Peninsular Malaysia

Improper disposal and spills of spent engine oil into the environment can result in contamination, which eventually affects humans through the food chain. Mycoremediation is an effective and inexpensive alternative to clean up spent engine oil contamination. In recent work, the potential effectiveness of fungi for degrading spent engine oil was confirmed, with the species identified through molecular identification. Fungi that were able to grow in Bushnell Haas Broth supplied with spent engine oil were identified with the potential to utilize spent engine oil as a carbon source. Six species of fungi namely Penicillium simplicissimum, Aspergillus nidulans, Aspergillus niger, Trichoderma longibrachiatum, Aspergillus ustus, and Aspergillus flavus were successfully identified in this study. Over a course of seven days, P. simplicissimum (21.11 percent) was identified as the most effective fungi in degrading spent engine oil, followed by A. nidulans (17.75 percent), A. niger (15.85 percent), T. longibrachiatum (15.12 percent), A. ustus (15.02 percent), and A. flavus (11.80 percent). As these species of fungi were isolated from the natural environment in Peninsular Malaysia, the potential of using these fungi as mycoremediation of spent engine oil was therefore confirmed.     

中国化学品环境管理对本土模式生物的需求和应用

适合的实验生物和大量的生态毒理学数据是化学品环境管理的重要基础。应用本土模式生物对我国化学品环境管理十分重要。稀有鮈鲫(Gobiocypris rarus)逐步成为我国化学品环境管理的首选推荐本土模式生物。建议从国际合作交流、遗传学、标准化、敏感性和比对研究等方面促进稀有鮈鲫的国际化。坚持管理与科研相结合,推动本土模式生物的研发和应用。     

复方阿苯达唑/伊维菌素及其单药的体内外致突变性研究

农业生产上常用的阿苯达唑和伊维菌素均有一定的致突变性。为了解伊维菌素和阿苯达唑按1:24形成固定剂量复方的致突变性,以及复方和单药致突变性的差异,采用Ames试验、小鼠骨髓微核试验和小鼠精子畸变试验进行复方阿苯达唑/伊维菌素及其单药的致突变性研究。结果表明,复方阿苯达唑/伊维菌素能提高小鼠骨髓嗜多染红细胞的微核率和精子畸形率,但在单复方的比较中发现,单药的微核率和精子畸形率均高于复方,表明复方毒性有所降低。同时,无论是复方还是单药均不能提高组氨酸缺陷型沙门氏菌的突变率。以上表明,虽然复方阿苯达唑/伊维菌素致突变毒性低于单药,但仍然是一种能引起小鼠骨髓微核率和精子畸形率升高的致突变阳性药物,因此需警惕该药物的食品残留问题及对生态环境的危害。