低碳理念在工业园区规划环评中的应用

工业园区是温室气体排放的重要源头之一,工业园区规划环评应在规划的基础上,探讨如何在评价过程中通过制定合理的对策措施,促进园区低碳发展。本文分析了低碳发展理念纳入工业园区规划环评的工作重点,建议规划环评完善评价内容,在原有评价体系中融入园区温室气体排放特征、设定低碳发展评价指标、优化设计能源结构、构建低碳产业体系、低碳发展替代方案以及碳排放跟踪评价等内容,以达到规划环评指导工业园区按低碳路径发展的目的。     

Occurrence, polarity and bioavailability of dissolved organic matter in the Huangpu River, China

Dissolved organic matter （DOM） plays an important role in biogeochemical cycles in aquatic ecosystem. To investigate the characteristics of DOM in Huangpu River {the last tributary of the Yangtze River）, surface water samples were collected along the river from December 2011 to June, 2013. The concentrations of dissolved organic carbon （DOC）, the absorbance and fluorescence spectrum of DOM in water samples were measured. Fluorescent DOM in the Huangpu River was decomposed into four components by the parallel factor analysis （PARAFAC）, including one humic-like substance and three protein-like substances. It showed that high spatial variability of DOC concentration was observed in the upstream water compared to the downstream water, and so did the absorbance coefficients of chromophoric dissolved organic matter and the total fluorescence intensities of different PARAFAC components of DOM. Furthermore, there was a large difference between the polarity and bioavailability of DOM in the Huangpu River. Polar compounds dominated tyrosine-like component of fluorescent DOM in all seasons. Tryptophan-like and humic-like substances had more polar fraction in summer and autumn than those in winter, while aromatic protein-like materials had the highest polar fraction in winter. Almost all of fluorescent DOM components were refractory in spring, while less than 20% of fluorescent DOM in average were biodegradable within 4 weeks in other seasons. We concluded that the spatial variation in the abundance of DOM in the Huangpu River is mainly affected by the water discharges from the Hangjiahu Plain and the seasonal difference in polarity and bioavailability of DOM is largely determined by its origins.     

硅酸钙和生物腐殖肥复配对葱生长和镉吸收的影响

蔬菜的安全生产是切断镉通过食物链进入人体的关键环节.为研究硅酸钙和生物腐殖肥复配对葱生长和吸收镉的影响,在实际镉污染蔬菜地设计4种不同处理(T1:0.5%硅酸钙+0.5%生物腐殖肥、T2:0.5%硅酸钙+1.0%生物腐殖肥、T3:1.0%硅酸钙+0.5%生物腐殖肥、T4:1.0%硅酸钙+1.0%生物腐殖肥)及空白对照(CK),并分析不同条件下土壤pH、DTPA有效态镉、葱生物量和葱内镉含量随时间的变化.结果表明,4种处理均能提高土壤pH,降低土壤DTPA有效态镉含量,其中T3效果最明显,14、28、42和56 d时土壤DTPA有效态镉含量相对CK降幅分别为60.71%、49.54%、44.63%和58.94%;复配处理提高了葱地上部分生物量,其中T3和T4促进作用更显著,56 d时生物量增幅分别为107.19%和107.99%.不同处理对葱吸收镉的影响不同,56 d时,T4葱地上部分镉含量相对CK减少43.80%,有效减少植物对镉的累积,同时提高葱地上部分生物量,T4处理是较好的复配改良剂配比.     

嗜碱细菌复合碳源条件下对麦草木质素的降解

在碱性液体培养条件下(pH≈10.5), 研究复合碳源共代谢最佳综合条件下嗜碱性木质素降解细菌6号菌株产酶、降解能力及菌株的生长状况.结果显示,虫漆酶(Laccase)在培养的第4天酶活达到最高值2915.37U/L、锰依赖过氧化物酶(MnP)在培养的第8天酶活达到最高值1152.88U/L,培养10d麦草中木质素降解49.84%.同时通过扫描电镜分析探讨了6号菌株降解木质素的微观过程,证明了6号菌株优先降解木质素的特性和降解方式.     

南京地区霾天气特征分析

利用南京气象站和江浦、六合、溧水、江宁、高淳等5个南京郊区气象观测站1961～2005年地面气象观测资料,对南京地区霾天气的气候特征、气象要素特征及其成因进行了分析.结果表明,南京地区6站霾天气均呈现出冬季>春季>秋季>夏季的季节特征;南京站45年来年霾日数呈明显上升趋势.能见度与相对湿度呈负相关;霾天气受气象要素的影响,静小风、较高相对湿度有利于霾天气出现.霾天气的增加可能是由总悬浮颗粒物(TSP),尤其是细颗粒物的增加导致的.     

基于UD-PLS对牛粪堆制Cu和Zn钝化预测模型的研究

选取钝化材料木醋液和影响堆肥质量的关键因素:含水量和C/N,每个因素安排6个水平,利用均匀设计进行多因素多水平试验,对试验结果进行偏最小二乘回归分析,建立对重金属的钝化预测模型.结果表明:木醋液添加比例为0.50%、含水量为40%和C/N为40时,Cu和Zn的钝化效果均达到最大值,分别为13.5%和30.2%;其中重金属Cu的钝化预测模型为 ,其中交叉有效性为 ,模型达到精度要求;重金属Zn的钝化预测模型为 ,其中交叉有效性为 ,模型达到精度要求.针对多因素多水平的复杂堆肥系统中,将均匀设计与偏最小二乘法有机耦合,有效地解决了试验次数多、因素间多重相关性的问题,从而使模型精度和实用性都得到提高.     

Perspirable skin: Thermal buckling achieved by complex functionally graded materials

A perspirable skin is a new design concept of thermal protection system that will autonomously reduce the surface temperature in many applications such as reentry and hypersonic vehicles. A unique design features an assembly of tiles, which buckles upon heating. Potentially, a large gap can be generated through this buckling action. These tiles will be assembled and shrink-fitted within an opening on the existing skin. To induce the buckling action, each tile needs to have a unique CTE variation, which causes thermal expansion radially and thermal shrinkage tangentially. This paper concentrates on the fabrication of these tiles made of complex functionally graded materials (FGMs), and presents our effort to design and fabricate these tiles.     

Toxicological effects involved in risk assessment of rare earth lanthanum on roots of Vicia faba L. seedlings

Combined chemical analyses and biological measurements were utilized to investigate potential toxicological effects and possible mechanisms involved in risk assessment of rare earth elements (REEs) on Vicia faba L. seedlings, which were hydroponically cultivated and exposed to various concentrations of lanthanum (La) for 15 days. The results showed that La contents in both the solution and roots increased with the increase of extraneous La, contributing to hormetic dose responses of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), guaiacol peroxidase (GPX), ascorbate peroxidase (APX) and endoprotease (EP) isozymes activities, and HSP 70 production enhanced at low doses but suppressed at higher doses of La. These physiological responses constituted antioxidant and detoxification systems against La-induced oxidative stress. The elevated La levels also contributed to oxidatively modified proteins, which were most responsible for subsequent cell death and growth retardation of the roots. By combination of hormetic and traditional threshold dose levels, the threshold dose range was deduced to be 108-195 μg La/g dry weight in the roots, corresponding to 0.90-3.12 mg/L of soluble La in the culture solution. It suggests that persistent applications of REEs may lead to potential ecological risk in the environment.     

二氧化锰氧化降解五氯酚

以二氧化锰为氧化剂,研究了pH 4.12的水溶液中五氯酚氧化降解的反应动力学,并讨论了反应溶液的pH对反应动力学的影响.结果表明,五氯酚对二氧化锰的氧化作用具有较强的反应感受性.在pH一定和二氧化锰充分过量的条件下,随着反应的进行,五氯酚的降解速度变慢,遵循的不是简单的准一级反应动力学而是复合的反应动力学.此外,随溶液pH由3.5升高6.6,五氯酚的降解速度发生显著地下降.运用溶剂萃取和气质联用仪的分析方法,检测到2个主产物和1个次产物.其中,次产物是由四氯-1,4-氢醌与四氯儿茶酚组成的混合物;2个主产物是由五氯酚氧自由基偶合而成的二聚体,且是同分异构体.在观测到的表面反应动力学和降解产物的基础上,提出了五氯酚被二氧化锰氧化降解的反应流程图.     

北京城区气传花粉季节特征及与气象条件关系

研究北京城区气传花粉季节特征及其与气象条件关系,为本地区防治花粉症及建设合理城市绿地提供有效资料.研究应用Burkard采样器于2011年12月31日至2012年12月31日对北京城区气传花粉含量进行监测,并对花粉含量及气象因素进行统计学分析.结果表明,2012年北京城区的花粉季节起始时间为3月17日~11月10日,持续238 d,占全年天数的65%;全年花粉含量月分布呈现两个高峰,第一个高峰为3~5月,主要花粉为木犀科、杨属、柳属等树木花粉,占全年花粉总量的53%;第二个高峰为8~10月,主要花粉为菊科、藜科及苋科等莠草花粉,占全年花粉总量的26%;2012年度北京城区最具代表性的气传花粉来自于菊科、木犀科及杨柳科,比重之和为40%.结果还表明,秋季气传花粉以致敏性较强的莠草花粉为主,所以北京花粉症的高发季节主要集中在秋季.北京城区气传花粉含量受气象因素影响较明显,影响最明显的是风速、温度、湿度及降水等气象要素.研究表明,在0~15℃的温度区间内,花粉含量随温度的升高而升高;当温度大于15℃,即在18~30℃的范围内时,花粉含量随温度的升高而降低.北京城区2012年春秋季的平均温度为17℃,且这两个季节的花粉量占全年的79%,因此春秋季的温度是北京最适宜花粉的散播;根据研究数据分析,当相对湿度在20%~50%或大于70%的时候,气传花粉含量随相对湿度的增大而减小,而相对湿度在50%~60%时,气传花粉含量随相对湿度的增大而增加;研究还表明风速在1~3 m·s-1时,易于花粉粒飘散,气传花粉含量较大,但风速超过3 m·s-1时或持续时间较长时,空气中花粉含量值反而较小;雨水会影响花粉的产量和释放,易致空中飘散花粉粒减少.通过研究已经探明了北京城区气传花粉的种类及飘散规律,以及花粉含量和气象条件之间的关系,为进行气传花粉预报提供了参考.