Multiple-pattern parameter identification and uncertainty analysis approach for water quality modeling

This paper presents a multiple-pattern parameter identification and uncertainty analysis approach for robust water quality modeling using a neural network (NN) embedded genetic algorithm (GA). The modeling approach uses an adaptive NN–GA framework to inversely solve the governing equations in a water quality model for multiple parameter patterns, along with an alternating fitness method to maintain solution diversity. The procedure was demonstrated through a coupled 2D hydrodynamic and eutrophication model for Loch Raven Reservoir in Maryland. The inverse problem was formulated as a nonlinear optimization problem minimizing the degree of misfit (DOM) between model results and observed data. A set of NN models was developed to approximate the input-output response relationship of the Loch Raven Reservoir model and was incorporated into a GA framework in an adaptive fashion to search for near-optimal solutions minimizing the DOM. The numerical example showed that the adaptive NN–GA approach is capable of identifying multiple parameter patterns that reproduce the observed data equally well. The resulting parameter patterns were incorporated into the numerical model, and a multiple-pattern robust water quality modeling analysis, along with a compound margin of safety (CMOS) method, was proposed and applied to analyze the parameter pattern uncertainty.     

螺旋式旋流器的切向速度分析

借助CFD软件,采用RSM模型对螺旋式旋流器内的切向速度场进行了数值模拟。模拟结果表明:旋流器内部的流场分为螺旋通道内的准自由涡和内筒区域的准强制涡;在柱锥交界区域的内筒外壁附近有一低速区,易导致颗粒富集而出现高浓度区进而影响分离效率;此外通过改变入口速度和螺旋通道的螺距,研究对旋流器切向速度的影响。通过对流场特性的研究,为进一步充分认识此类旋流器的分离机理提供了依据。     

水解酸化工艺的改进

综合水解酸化工艺传统的"膜法"和"泥法"两种工艺的优点,开发一种新的水解酸化工艺。把新工艺和传统的"膜法"工艺并联运行,进行对比实验,发现新工艺在有机物和色度的去除以及提高废水的可生化性方面均具有优势,COD去除率20%~30%,色度去除率60%,出水ρ(BOD5)/ρ(COD)在0.7左右。     

泥炭沼泽土壤酶活性对水热条件变化的响应及其与CO_2释放通量的关系——以小兴安岭地区为例

采用实验室培养的方法,研究了小兴安岭地区两类典型的泥炭沼泽:苔草型泥炭沼泽和泥炭藓型泥炭沼泽中几种水解酶活性(β-葡萄糖苷酶、酚氧化酶)对不同温度和水位变化的响应,以及与CO_2释放通量的相瓦关系.结果表明:β-葡萄糖苷酶活性在两类泥炭沼泽中受多种因素制约,在一定湿度范围内受水位控制较明显,当土壤湿度降低到一定程度时,温度对土壤酶活性影响增强.酚氧化酶活性与温度密切相关,但对温度变化的响应存在明显的季节性差异.相对而言,苔草型泥炭沼泽中β-葡萄糖苷酶和酚氧化酶活性显著高于相同培养条件下泥炭藓型泥炭沼泽.总体上,苔草型泥炭沼泽中水解酶活性较泥炭藓型泥炭沼泽中高,但是其CO_2释放通量却低于泥炭鲜型泥炭沼泽,表明与有机碳分解有关的水解酶的活性高低不能作为解释泥炭沼泽CO_2释放通量大小的唯一指标.     

两种热带雨林土壤微生物生物量碳季节动态及其影响因素

2005年通过样地调查法比较了西双版纳两种类型热带雨林(季节沟谷雨林和石灰山季雨林)的土壤微生物生物量碳季节变化及其与环境因子的关系.结果显示:两林地土壤微生物生物量碳均呈现雨季高于干季,其中石灰山季雨林具有明显的季节差异,并在干、雨季都显著高于季节沟谷雨林.相关分析表明:两林地土壤微生物生物量碳的变化与土壤温湿度、相同月凋落量变化没有显著的相关关系,但与提前两个月的凋落量波动有正相关关系.说明雨林土壤微生物生物量碳的波动周期比凋落量滞后,其季节变化受森林凋落量节律的影响.石灰山季雨林土壤微生物生物量碳较季节沟谷雨林高的主要原因可能与其具有较高的土壤有机碳、氮和pH值,以及主要树种凋落物的C/N比较低有关,但相关机制还需进一步研究.     

植物浮床-微生物对污染水体的修复作用

在唐山市南湖公园进行了植物浮床-微生物修复富营养化水体的研究.研究结果表明:凤眼莲Eichhomia crassipes、美人蕉Canna indica Linn、鸢尾Iris tectorum Maxim是较好的修复污染水体的植物,因为它们既有良好的修复效果又有良好的观赏价值.将人工填料悬挂于植物浮床下,形成植物和微生物相结合的修复系统,其修复效果明显好于单独植物修复技术,因此温度较高时用植物和微生物共同结合的生物修复技术修复水体污染;秋末冬初温度较低时,植物开始死亡,必须将植物收割,以免植物残体造成二次污染,此时用固定化氮循环细菌(INCB)和水体中原有微生物相结合的技术来修复水体的污染.应用这些技术经过为期3 a的修复试验,南湖公园的水体由地表水劣Ⅴ类恢复到了Ⅲ类标准,基本解决了南湖公园水体的污染问题.     

多溴联苯醚对鲫鱼离体肝脏组织中CAT和GSH-Px的影响

以鲫鱼(Carassius auratus)为试验材料,研究了在离体条件下经不同质量浓度的2,2',4,4'-四溴联苯醚(BDE-47)和2,2',3,3',4,4',5,5',6,6'-十溴联苯醚(BDE-209)暴露后,鲫鱼肝脏组织中过氧化氢酶(CAT)和谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)活性的动态变化.结果表明,采用质量浓度为0.10～10.00 mg·L-1的BDE-47和5.6～100.00mg·L-1的BDE-209分别处理鲫鱼肝脏组织30 min,0.10 mg·L-1 BDE-47和5.6 mg·L-1BDE-209试验组鲫鱼肝脏组织中CAT和GSH-Px活性与对照组相比无显著差异(P>0.05),其余各试验组的CAT和GSH-Px活性随BDE-47及BDE-209质量浓度的增加而逐渐下降,均与BDE-47及BDE-209的质量浓度呈明显的相关关系(P<0.01).这说明BDE-47和BDE-209对鲫鱼肝脏产生了氧化损伤,具有生化毒性影响.     

不同种植制度土壤氧化还原酶活性和动力学特征

土壤质量与土壤的生物学性质密切相关,种植制度对土壤生物学特性的影响研究对土壤质量管理具有重要的意义.以黑龙江853农场不同种植制度土壤为研究对象,探讨种植制度对土壤理化性质,过氧化氢酶、脱氢酶活性和动力学特征的影响.主要研究结果:农作物轮作有利于提高土壤全碳含量,而大豆连作和玉米-大豆轮作使土壤有效氮和全氮含量提高,大豆连作土壤pH显著低于其它作物连作及轮作处理,全磷含量显著高于其它处理;2种轮作体系均提高土壤过氧化氢酶活性和催化能力,且催化能力的提高源于酶的Km降低(即酶-底物亲合力提高);玉米-小麦-大豆轮作提高土壤脱氢酶活性及催化能力,其催化能力的提高由2个动力学参数的变化共同决定,禾本科作物连作土壤动力学参数与豆科作物种植(大豆连作及与禾本科轮作)具有显著差异.本文的研究表明,合理的轮作方式是提高土壤生物学活性的有效手段.     

Biozide in Gebäudefassaden – ökotoxikologische Effekte, Auswaschung und Belastungsabschätzung für Gewässer

Background, aim and scope Sources of organic micropollutants occuring in surface waters are often unknown. Regarding environmental risk assessments for surface waters, construction materials have as till now, not been given much consideration, although biocides used as preservatives are known to reach urban storm water runoff. The study focused on biocides for facades coatings and aimed (1) to determine ecotoxicological effect values, (2) to quantify the leaching behaviour and (3) to assess the environmental risk for surface waters using a dynamic transport model. Materials and methods Eight biocides used in resin based facade coatings were investigated. Some biocides are substances known as pesticides for agricultural purposes like diuron, carbendazim and terbutryn. Ecotoxicological effect values for aquatic organisms were determined for every biocide. Leaching of four biocides from a render under UV-irradiation has been investigated in the laboratory including the influence of varying temperatures. Using 80 irrigation intervals over 28 days, facade runoff was sampled and followed by biocide chemical analysis. The total losses were calculated based on the concentration patterns. These data were used for modelling the transport of cybutryn from facades to surface waters. Biocide specific effect values and leaching characteristics have been taken into consideration. Results Acute and chronic effect values as well as predicted no effect concentrations for the investigated biocides indicate their high potential to affect aquatic organisms. The leaching of four biocides (diuron, terbutryn, cybutryn, carbendazim) from the facade render under the experimental conditions delivers high concentrations in the beginning followed by an exponential decrease. Rising temperature increased the concentration of biocides in the runoff. The total losses were between 7?% and 29?% depending on the substances. More than half of the losses occur in the runoff within the first 15 min of runoff from a 60 min irrigation cycle. The modelling result for cybutryn underlines its high environmental risk for small surface waters. Discussion The leaching of the biocides, their potential ecotoxic effects and persistence show clearly that the environmental risk for surface waters and soils seems to be high for certain biocides; whereas for others the risk seems to be significantly lower. With respect water quality criteria, polluted facades runoff has to be diluted before runoff can enter the discharge. Diuron and carbendazim are however also used as pesticides and preservatives for other materials and cybutryn is also used as an antifouling agent. All pathways have to be evaluated in order to identify relevant sources and to act more efficiently with respect to water and soil protection. Conclusions Concentrations with high environmental risk are expected at new facades, especially at facades with thermal insulation. With the given low predicted no effect concentrations in a range of a few ng/L and large amounts of biocides applied in paints and renders, the environmental risk for common biocides used in facade coatings has to be investigated in laboratory and field scale. It seems plausible that source control measures as the most efficient and sustainable precautionary principle need to be evaluated. Recommendations and perspectives Biocides and additives applied in construction materials have to be taken into consideration as relevant sources when evaluating the quality of storm water runoff, discharge into urban areas and the impact to soil and surface waters. A sustainable construction material management and storm water management are required. It is expected that ongoing laboratory and field studies with exterior paints, renders and flat sheets for waterproofing containing biocides and additives will give further insight into their environmental impact.     

Analytical solutions of three-dimensional contaminant transport in uniform flow field in porous media: A library

The purpose of this study is to present a library of analytical solutions for the three-dimensional contaminant transport in uniform flow field in porous media with the first-order decay, linear sorption, and zero-order production. The library is constructed using Green’s function method (GFM) in combination with available solutions. The library covers a wide range of solutions for various conditions. The aquifer can be vertically finite, semi-infinitive or infinitive, and laterally semi-infinitive or infinitive. The geometry of the sources can be of point, line, plane or volumetric body; and the source release can be continuous, instantaneous, or by following a given function over time. Dimensionless forms of the solutions are also proposed. A computer code FlowCAS is developed to calculate the solutions. Calculated results demonstrate the correctness of the presented solutions. The library is widely applicable to solve contaminant transport problems of one- or multiple- dimensions in uniform flow fields.