人工湿地对有机污染物降解作用的研究

通过实验,研究了人工湿地对水中以BOD5和COD有机污染物含量的表征有机污染物的降解作用。结果表明,人工湿地对水中有机污染物有明显的净化作用;细菌总数与有机物的降解没有明显的相关关系,植物根系的吸收是有机物降解的主要来源;人工湿地总体处于厌氧状态,在植物根系未到达处生活的细菌均属兼性厌氧菌。     

柱前衍生吹扫捕集/气质联用法测定饮用水中的三氯乙醛

在碱性条件下,三氯乙醛转化为氯仿,通过测定加碱前后氯仿的差值间接求得三氯乙醛的含量。据此建立了吹扫捕集(PT)气相色谱质谱(GC/MS)测定饮用水中三氯乙醛的方法,方法检出限为0.05μg/L,回收率为94.0%~102.4%,相对标准偏差为3.6%~6.9%,方法简单快速,能满足饮用水分析要求。     

臭氧对膜法水处理中膜污染的影响

膜过滤是一种高效水处理技术,包括污水处理中的膜-生物反应器（membrane bioreactor,MBR）和针对二级生物处理出水（生产再生水）、地表水（生产饮用水）的膜过滤工艺等,其中膜污染是制约膜工艺应用的一个主要问题.臭氧具有强氧化性,在水处理上得到了广泛的应用.近十几年来,针对臭氧-膜过滤组合工艺的研究正变得越来越多,因此本文对这些研究进行了系统综述与分析.在MBR组合臭氧控制膜污染方面的研究中,目前结论相对较少.可以通过对MBR进水预臭氧化或者投加适量臭氧到MBR混合液这2种方式来减轻MBR膜污染.在针对微污染水的臭氧-膜过滤组合工艺中,根据臭氧的功能和结构形式主要分为3种,分别是污染膜臭氧清洗、分离式臭氧-膜工艺和一体式臭氧-膜工艺.绝大部分报道认为臭氧可以有效地控制膜污染的发展,但也有少数投加臭氧后膜污染加剧的情况.目前,臭氧化影响膜污染机制的研究主要集中在有机物方面,根据原水水质和工艺结构参数等的不同,颗粒物、微生物和无机物质也在这个过程中起着相应的作用.另外,在迄今为止的研究中,还缺乏对于臭氧投加方式和分散方式的统一衡量和比较标准.作者建议应该加强对一体式臭氧-膜组合工艺的研究,并且要注意臭氧投加的工艺经济性.     

无量纲臭气浓度大气扩散预测方法研究

文章分析了臭气浓度的特性,在高斯大气扩散模式的基础上研究提出了无量纲臭气浓度的预测理论及预测模式,分析阐明了预测结果所表达的物理意义并给出了应用实例,为解决环境影响评价领域无量纲臭气浓度的预测问题找到了可行的途径。     

淤地坝坝地淤积与侵蚀性降雨的灰色关联分析

水土流失是黄土高原地区重要的环境问题之一,淤地坝措施作为该区水土流失治理的重要工程措施之一发挥了巨大作用,但其淤积过程与水毁机理的研究较少.本文在全面调查黄土高原淤地坝的基础上,选取典型淤地坝,挖取剖面进行测量和分层取样,利用库容曲线和实测每个淤积层的淤积厚度求得每层淤积泥沙量,运用灰色关联分析法,系统地研究了侵蚀性降雨的4个指标(降雨侵蚀力R、降雨量P、最大30 min降雨强度,I30、平均降雨强度 I)与坝地泥沙淤积量之间的关联度.结果表明,降雨侵蚀力 R和坝地泥沙淤积量的发展趋势最为密切,呈幂函数关系;降雨量 P对淤积量的影响仅次于降雨侵蚀力,其关系呈指数型;最大30 min降雨强度,I30和平均降雨强度I对坝地泥沙淤积量的影响较小.     

异养硝化细菌Bacillus sp. LY脱氮性能研究

研究了异养硝化细菌Bacillus sp. LY的脱氮性能.结果表明,Bacillus sp. LY是1株具有脱氮能力的异养硝化细菌.在NH⁺₄-N浓度分别为40、80和120 mg/L 3种情况下,120 h反应后,氨氮的去除率分别是100%、85.7%、73.7%,总氮的去除率分别是76.6%、53.4%、64.8%,在菌液初始浓度相同的情况下,随着NH⁺₄-N浓度的增加,细菌的硝化速率以及脱氮速率呈现下降的趋势.有机物浓度是影响Bacillus sp. LY脱氮性能的重要因素,低的有机物浓度会阻碍细菌脱氮性能的发挥,中的有机物浓度会促进细菌脱氮性能的发挥,使体系的脱氮效果达到最佳,高的有机物浓度并不能再次提升细菌的脱氮性能.在Bacillus sp. LY作用下,有机氮经过氨化作用生成氨氮,通过2条可能的途径转化为氮气.1条途径是氨氮先硝化生成亚硝酸盐与硝酸盐,然后反硝化生成氮气.另1条途径是氨氮被氧化生成羟胺,然后脱氢生成氧化亚氮并进一步转化为氮气.这些研究可为开发新型高效生物脱氮工艺提供参考.     

Bioaccumulation and translocation of cadmium in cole （Brassica campestris L.） and celery （Apium graveolens） grown in the polluted oasis soil, Northwest of China

A pot experiment was conducted to study the bioaccumulation and translocation of cadmium (Cd) in cole (Brassica campestris L.) and celery (Apium graveolens) grown in the Cd-polluted oasis soil, Northwest of China. The results showed that Cd in the unpolluted oasis soil was mainly bound to carbonate fraction (F2) and Fe-Mn oxide fraction (F3). However, marked change of Cd fractions was observed with increasing soil Cd concentrations, in which the concentration of Cd in F1 (exchangeable fraction), F2 and F3 increased significantly (p < 0.001 for F1, F2 and F3). The growth of cole and celery could be facilitated by low concentrations of Cd, but inhibited by high concentrations. The correlation analysis between the fraction distribution coefficient of Cd in the soil and Cd concentration accumulated in the two vegetables showed that Cd in F1 in the soil made the greatest contribution on the accumulation of Cd in the two vegetables. The high bio-concentration factor and the translocation factor of Cd in both cole and celery were observed, and Cd had higher accumulation in the edible parts of the two vegetables. Therefore, both cole and celery grown in Cd-polluted oasis soil have higher risk to human health. And the two vegetables are not suitable to be cultivated as vegetables consumed by human in the Cd-polluted oasis soil.     

Forest soil CO2 fluxes as a function of understory removal and N-fixing species addition

We report on the effects of forest management practices of understory removal and N-fixing species (Cassia alata) addition on soil CO2 fluxes in an Eucalyptus urophylla plantation (EUp), Acacia crassicarpa plantation (ACp), 10-species-mixed plantation (Tp), and 30-species-mixed plantation (THp) using the static chamber method in southern China. Four forest management treatments, including (1) understory removal (UR); (2) C. alata addition (CA); (3) understory removal and replacement with C. alata (UR+CA); and (4) control without any disturbances (CK), were applied in the above four forest plantations with three replications for each treatment. The results showed that soil CO2 fluxes rates remained at a high level during the rainy season (from April to September), followed by a rapid decrease after October reaching a minimum in February. Soil CO2 fluxes were significantly higher (P < 0.01) in EUp (132.6 mg/(m2·hr)) and ACp (139.8 mg/(m2·hr)) than in Tp (94.0 mg/(m2·hr)) and THp (102.9 mg/(m2·hr)). Soil CO2 fluxes in UR and CA were significantly higher (P < 0.01) among the four treatments, with values of 105.7, 120.4, 133.6 and 112.2 mg/(m2·hr) for UR+CA, UR, CA and CK, respectively. Soil CO2 fluxes were positively correlated with soil temperature (P < 0.01), soil moisture (P < 0.01), NO3?-N (P < 0.05), and litterfall (P < 0.01), indicating that all these factors might be important controlling variables for soil CO2 fluxes. This study sheds some light on our understanding of soil CO2 flux dynamics in forest plantations under various management practices.     

环境空气功能区划分方案调整的技术思路

国内大部分地区现行的环境空气功能区划方案都是在1997年制定划分的,随着城市化进程的扩大及区域相关规划的调整变化,原环境空气功能区划分方案与现行的土地利用规划、风景区旅游规划、区域总体发展规划等存在一定的不协调,导致环境空气保护的一系列措施实际操作性不强。近年来不少地方已经为了和谐各规划的矛盾、促进区域可持续发展,提出对原环境空气功能区划局部地区的调整,本文结合相关案例,就编制环境空气功能区划调整可行性方案的技术思路进行梳理。     

我国绿色贸易转型战略取向分析

"十二五"及今后时期,绿色贸易转型是我国实现绿色经济转型的重要优先领域,是缓解对外贸易发展资源环境压力,改善环境质量,促进"十二五"环保目标实现的重要途经。本文在反思传统贸易发展方式基础上,提出实现从"以环境输出为特征"到"以生态修复为使命"的绿色贸易转型,是我国未来贸易发展长期而艰巨的使命和任务;并在进一步梳理"十二五"绿色贸易政策空间基础上,揭示出"环境输出"向"生态修复"环境友好型贸易发展方式转变,成为绿色贸易转型的重要战略取向。