石灰干化污泥稳定后土壤中Pb、Cd和Zn浸出行为的研究

以人工制备Zn、Pb、Cd污染土壤为研究对象,采用城市污水处理石灰干化污泥作为稳定剂,对污染土壤进行稳定化处理,并采用TCLP、SPLP、去离子水浸提和优化的BCR连续提取法对稳定化效果进行分析和评价.结果表明,单独使用石灰干化污泥,TCLP浸出浓度随着干化污泥质量分数的增加而显著减少,干化污泥的质量分数为40%时,稳定化率最大为Zn-99.54%、Pb-99.60%、Cd-99.85%.SPLP和去离子水浸出评价稳定效果时,Pb和Zn在加入质量分数10%和20%的干化污泥时浸出明显降低,但在加入30%和40%时由于在强碱条件Pb和Zn会再溶出,导致稳定效果变差.为了恢复植物生长功能,经过FeSO4和H3PO4调节pH后,石灰干化污泥稳定过的土壤pH有效降低,同时FeSO4和H3PO4有利于促进Pb和Zn的稳定效果.经稳定化后,土壤中的重金属可交换态降低,限制了土壤重金属的迁移.该研究结果表明石灰干化污泥可以再利用,应用于重金属污染土壤的稳定化修复中,并能改善稳定后土壤适宜植物生长的理化性质.     

淤泥优势菌对手性农药2,4-滴丙酸甲酯的对映体选择性降解

考察了手性农药2,4-滴丙酸甲酯(DCPPM)生物降解过程中的对映体选择性,通过驯化、培养分离了1株对其具有降解能力的菌株DP,并且运用手性毛细管气相色谱测定了DCPPM在降解过程中的对映体分数(EF),评价了DCPPM在水相中的对映体选择性生物降解.研究表明在菌株DP接种过的介质中,2个对映异构体均被迅速降解,但是R型DCPPM的逸散速度明显快于相对应的S型;EF值发生了显著的偏离,从一开始的0.5变化到最后的1.证实了该菌种对DCPPM的降解存在着对映体选择性.     

聚丙烯酰胺对聚合物驱含油污水中油珠沉降分离的影响

研究发现阴离子聚丙烯酰胺(HPAM)对聚合物驱含油污水处理有正反2方面影响.聚合物能增加污水粘度,降低油珠上浮速度,而且聚合物能增加油水界面水膜强度,延缓油珠聚并时间,这是聚合物对油珠沉降分离的不利影响;同时,聚丙烯酰胺具有絮凝性,能将水中油珠连接到一起,有利于油珠聚并.当聚丙烯酰胺相对分子质量为2.72×10⁶,浓度小于800mg/L时,絮凝作用大于粘度作用,有利于油珠的沉降分离.初始油珠粒径小是聚合物驱含油污水难处理的主要原因.横向流除油器可以加速油珠聚并,缩短沉降时间,适合处理聚合物驱含油污水.     

焚烧农作物秸秆的危害及防治对策

焚烧农作物秸杆不仅浪费资源，而且损伤地力，污染环境，影响交通，为促进其资源化利用，除加强宣传外，还应制订经济政策，颁布法律法规，开发实用技术，加大推广力度。     

Adsorption mechanism of phenolic compounds from aqueous solution on hypercrosslinked polymeric adsorbent

The adsorption of two phenols, namely, phenol and salicylic acid(SA) onto a water-compatible hypercrosslinked polymeric resin (NJ-8) were studied in terms of pseudo-second-order and first order mechanisms for chemical sorption as well as an intraparticle diffusion mechanism process. Kinetic analysis showed that the intraparticle diffusion process was the essential rate-controlling step. The activation energies of sorption have also been evaluated with the pseudo-second-order and intraparticle diffusion constants, respectively. Adsorption equilibrium data were well fitted by the Langmuir, Freundlich and Redlich-Peterson isotherms. Adsorption was exothermic and basically of a type of transition between physical and chemical character. The sorption capacity was higher for SA due to its more hydrophobic. Phenol has a higher adsorption enthalpy since it could form stronger hydrogen bonding on NJ-8.     

对二氯苯、四氯乙烯和镉联合污染对草鱼的毒性效应研究

文章采用水生污染暴露试验和Marking相加指数评价法,研究了对二氯苯(P-DCB)、四氯乙烯(PCE)和重金属镉(Cd~(2+))对草鱼的联合毒性。结果表明:单一P-DCB、PCE和Cd~(2+)污染对草鱼的24、48、72和96 h的半数致死质量浓度依次是10.11、9.04、8.52、7.97,46.13、41.58、36.51、34.56和45.58、34.81、28.63、24.05 mg/L;由此可见,它们的单一毒性均为高毒,并且其毒性顺序为P-DCB>Cd~(2+)>PCE。P-DCB、PCE和Cd~(2+)对草鱼的联合毒性,在浓度1∶1时,表现出暴露时间为24、48、72和96 h的相加指数分别为-0.75、-0.46、-0.32和0.11,联合作用结果为先拮抗作用,随着时间的增加,拮抗作用减弱,最后转为毒性剧增的协同效应。而在毒性1∶1时,表现出暴露时间为24、48、72和96 h的AI分别为-0.41、-0.37、-0.17和-0.14,所以联合作用结果是为拮抗作用,随着时间的增加,拮抗作用减弱。     

湘江株洲段表层水重金属含量及存在形态分布研究

以国家Ⅲ类水质限值为标准,总体来讲,湘江株洲段河水中Cu、Pb、Zn和Cd的总量均不超标,Cd的污染较重。霞湾断面的污染最重,清水塘工业区铅锌冶炼和化工企业是其污染的主要来源。采用化学分析的方法,对湘江株洲段水体中的Cu、Pb、Zn和Cd进行了形态分析,Cu、Zn溶解态在各断面均大于50%;Pb、Cd的形态在不同的断面其所占比例不一样。监测了各水质参数,pH大都在7.5左右,Eh在200~300mv之间,为氧化的环境,COD大部分断面均在15~20mg/L以下。     

芜湖市生态城市建设研究

建设生态城市是现代城市发展的趋势,生态城市的指标体系与评价方法有助于分析以往生态城市实践的得失。为了构建社会和谐、经济高效、生态良性循环的生态系统模式,实现人与自然的和谐发展,采用适合芜湖市生态城市建设的测度指标体系对城市生态系统进行了定量分析,构建了3个层次评价指标体系并进行了测度,得出芜湖市的生态化水平,为确定其生态城市建设模式提供科学依据。     

成都市双流县乡村旅游优势与气候舒适度分析

利用成都市双流县1971-2000年逐日气象资料,通过年、月、旬、日人体舒适指数计算,对双流县乡村旅游气候资源进行了统计分析和评价.研究表明,双流县4月、5月、9月和10月是最舒适的月份,平均每年舒适天数有232d,属第一类生态旅游圈,气候条件非常适宜乡村旅游开发.它为地方政府充分利用旅游资源,大力发展乡村旅游提供了气象支撑.     

A Multi‐Scale Analysis of Single‐Family Residential Water Use in the Phoenix Metropolitan Area

Studies that evaluate determinants of residential water demand typically use data from a single spatial scale. Although household‐scale data are preferred, especially when econometric models are used, researchers may be limited to aggregate data. There is little, if any, empirical analysis to assess whether spatial scale may lead to ecological fallacy problems in residential water use research. Using linear mixed‐effects models, we compare the results for the relationship of single‐family water use with its determinants using data from the household and census tract scales in the city of Phoenix. Model results between the household and census tract scale are similar suggesting the ecological fallacy may not be significant. Common significant determinants on these two spatial scales include household size, household income, house age, pool size, irrigable lot size, precipitation, and temperature. We also use city/town scale data from the Phoenix metropolitan area to parameterize the linear mixed‐effects model. The difference in the parameter estimates of those common variables compared to the first two scales indicates there is spatial heterogeneity in the relationship between single‐family water use and its determinants among cities and towns. The negative relationship between single‐family house density and residential water use suggests that residential water consumption could be reduced through coordination of land use planning and water demand management.