基于分形理论的徐州城市空间结构演变研究

基于迭代原理的城市形态分形研究方法,运用分形维数（相关维数、半径维数、膨胀维数）和标度曲线,定量分析了徐州城市空间结构演变规律。结果表明：分形维数可以定量揭示城市用地的空间分布和空间组织结构,标度曲线可以定量揭示不同空间尺度下各类用地的标度行为,二者相互结合可以更好地测度城市空间结构演变的规律;徐州城市居住用地、工业用地、交通用地空间分布的均质程度在逐渐增强,但公共设施用地空间分布的均质性较差;随着城市的扩张,居住用地和工业用地表现出显著的外迁趋势,市中心区的商服功能则进一步加强,城市由市中心向外围逐渐形成明显的“公共设施用地 居住用地 工业用地”布局的圈层结构,并在城市外围形成新的商服中心;与居住用地和公共设施用地相比,工业用地边界形态复杂,稳定性较差。     

Dioxins and their fingerprint in size-classified fly ash fractions from municipal solid waste incinerators in China--mechanical grate and fluidized bed units

The distribution of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins/dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs), in brief dioxins, has seldom been addressed systematically in fly ash from municipal solid waste incinerators (MSWIs). This study shows the amount and fingerprint of PCDD/Fs in fly ash from four different Chinese MSWIs, that is, three mechanical grate units and one circulating fluidized bed unit. In these fly ash samples, dioxins-related parameters (international toxic equivalent quantity, total amount of PCDD/Fs, individual isomer classes, and 17 toxic 2,3,7,8-substituted congeners) all tend to increase with decreasing particle size for mechanical grate incinerators, yet only for the finest fraction for fluidized bed units. Moreover, the fluidized bed incinerator seems superior to grate incineration in controlling dioxins, yet a comparison is hampered by internal differences in the sample, for example, the fluidized bed fly ash has much lower carbon and chlorine contents. In addition, the presence of sulfur from mixing coal as supplemental fuel to the MSW may poison the catalytic steps in dioxins formation and thus suppress the formation of dioxins. With more residual carbon and chlorine in the fly ash, it is easier to form dioxins during cooling. Nevertheless, there is no apparent relation between Fe, Cu, and Zn contents and that of dioxins in fly ash.     

Dioxins and their fingerprint in size-classified fly ash fractions from municipal solid waste incinerators in China—Mechanical grate and fluidized bed units

The distribution of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins/dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs), in brief dioxins, has seldom been addressed systematically in fly ash from municipal solid waste incinerators (MSWIs). This study shows the amount and fingerprint of PCDD/Fs in fly ash from four different Chinese MSWIs, that is, three mechanical grate units and one circulating fluidized bed unit. In these fly ash samples, dioxins-related parameters (international toxic equivalent quantity, total amount of PCDD/Fs, individual isomer classes, and 17 toxic 2,3,7,8-substituted congeners) all tend to increase with decreasing particle size for mechanical grate incinerators, yet only for the finest fraction for fluidized bed units. Moreover, the fluidized bed incinerator seems superior to grate incineration in controlling dioxins, yet a comparison is hampered by internal differences in the sample, for example, the fluidized bed fly ash has much lower carbon and chlorine contents. In addition, the presence of sulfur from mixing coal as supplemental fuel to the MSW may poison the catalytic steps in dioxins formation and thus suppress the formation of dioxins. With more residual carbon and chlorine in the fly ash, it is easier to form dioxins during cooling. Nevertheless, there is no apparent relation between Fe, Cu, and Zn contents and that of dioxins in fly ash.

Implications This paper is of interest because it presents the amounts and distribution of PCDD/Fs in fly ash samples from some typical waste incineration plants in China, featuring distinct incinerator types, combustion conditions, fuel composition, or residual carbon, chloride, and heavy metal contents in fly ash.     

Plants' use of different nitrogen forms in response to crude oil contamination

In this study, we investigated Phragmites australis’ use of different forms of nitrogen (N) and associated soil N transformations in response to petroleum contamination. ¹⁵N tracer studies indicated that the total amount of inorganic and organic N assimilated by P. australis was low in petroleum-contaminated soil, while the rates of inorganic and organic N uptake on a per-unit-biomass basis were higher in petroleum-contaminated soil than those in un-contaminated soil. The percentage of organic N in total plant-assimilated N increased with petroleum concentration. In addition, high gross N immobilization and nitrification rates relative to gross N mineralization rate might reduce inorganic-N availability to the plants. Therefore, the enhanced rate of N uptake and increased importance of organic N in plant N assimilation might be of great significance to plants growing in petroleum-contaminated soils. Our results suggest that plants might regulate N capture under petroleum contamination.     

Source identification of PCDD/Fs in agricultural soils near to a Chinese MSWI plant through isomer-specific data analysis

Isomer-specific data were investigated in order to identify the sources of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs) in agricultural soils, including Fluvo-aquic and paddy soils, in the vicinity of a Chinese municipal solid waste incineration (MSWI) plant. Homologue and isomer profiles of PCDD/Fs in soils were compared with those of potential sources, including combustion sources, i.e., MSWI flue gas and fly ash; and the impurities in agrochemicals, such as the pentachlorophenol (PCP), sodium pentachlorophenate (PCP-Na) and 1,3,5-trichloro-2-(4-nitrophenoxy) benzene (CNP). The results showed that the PCDD/F isomer profiles of combustion sources and agricultural soils were very similar, especially for PCDFs, although their homologue profiles varied, indicating that all the isomers within each homologue behave identically in the air and soil. Moreover, factor analysis of the isomer compositions among 33 soil samples revealed that the contamination of PCDD/Fs in agricultural soils near the MSWI plant were primarily influenced by the combustion sources, followed by the PCP/PCP-Na and CNP sources. This implication is consistent with our previous findings based on chemometric analysis of homologue profiles of soil and flue gas samples, and identifies PCP/PCP-Na as an additional important source of PCDD/Fs in the local area. This makes the similarities and differences of isomer profiles between Fluvo-aquic and paddy soils more explainable. It is, therefore, advisable to use isomer-specific data for PCDD/F source identifications where possible.     

DOM结构特征及其对17β-雌二醇光降解的影响

参照国际腐殖酸协会(IHSS)推荐的方法从滇池底泥提取出胡敏酸(HA)和富里酸(FA),以Sigma Aldrich胡敏酸(SAHA)为参照,利用元素分析、13C核磁共振和紫外-可见光谱对HA和FA的来源和结构进行了表征,并探讨了3种溶解性有机质(DOM)对17β-雌二醇(E2)光降解的影响.结果表明:HA、FA和SAHA具有相似的元素组成,3种腐殖酸的(N+O)/C值分别为0.50、0.82和0.55,与核磁共振13C谱分析的极性指数(0.32、0.42和0.33)一致.HA和FA来自于内源,具有较高的N含量和较多的缔合芳香结构,而SAHA是外源性有机质,具有更高的芳香度.低浓度的3种腐殖酸均能促进E2发生服从准一级动力学规律的光化学降解过程.E2在纯水中光降解速率为0.0071h-1,而在5mgC/L的HA、FA和SAHA作用下,E2光降解速率分别为0.0597、0.1178和0.2048h-1.3种腐殖酸促进E2光降解能力的差异主要是由含氧能团和芳香结构含量差异所致.活性氧分子探针鉴定显示HO?是腐殖酸体系受光照后产生的一种重要活性氧,其氧化降解E2的量占到了E2降解总量的70%左右.与低浓度腐殖酸相比,高浓度的3种腐殖酸均会对E2光降解产生抑制作用.