现代化手段运用于税法课程建设的研究

在税法课程的建设中,根据精品课程评估指标,通过自评发现现代化教学手段相对较弱,本文旨在对现代化的教学手段在税法中的运用进行研究,加强税法课程建设,进一步提高税法教学水平.     

浅析大型浮顶油罐雷击火灾的原因及处置

通过浮顶油罐密封结构优缺点的分析,找出浮顶油罐油气存在的空间及形成爆炸燃烧的原因,并结合实际提出了改进措施及浮顶油罐的火灾处置方法。     

希瓦氏菌介导纳米材料生物合成及其环境应用

纳米材料在环境领域的应用已经日益广泛,但是目前普遍使用的物理、化学的合成方法存在着费用高、环境危害大等问题,因此,通过生物方法合成纳米材料的新型绿色合成技术已经成为纳米材料研究领域的热点之一。金属还原菌希瓦氏菌(Shewanella)所具有的电子释放能力、硫代谢能力以及对毒性的高耐受力等特性,使其在纳米材料领域中具有重要的应用潜力,已成为该领域的研究热点,并受到广泛重视。文章对当前希瓦氏菌合成纳米材料最新进展及其在环境修复中的应用作简要的概述。     

Source apportionment of VOCs in a typical medium-sized city in North China Plain and implications on control policy

Characteristics of atmospheric VOCs (volatile organic compounds) have been extensively studied in megacities in China, however, they are scarcely investigated in medium/small-sized cities in North China Plain (NCP). A comprehensive research on possible sources of VOCs was conducted in a medium-sized city of NCP, from May to September 2019. A total of 143 canister samples of 8 sites in Xuchang city were collected, and 57 VOC species were detected. The average VOC concentrations were 42.6 ± 31.6 μg/m³, with 53.7 ± 31.0 μg/m³ and 32.1 ± 27. 8 μg/m³, in the morning and afternoon, respectively. Alkenes and aromatics contributed 80% of the total ozone formation potential (OFP). Aromatics accounted for more than 95% of secondary organic aerosol potential (SOAP). VOCs were dominated by the local emission with significant transport from the southeast direction. PMF analysis extracted 6 sources, which were combustion (33.1%), LPG usage (19.3%), vehicular exhaust & fuel evaporation (15.8%), solvent usage (15.2%), industrial (9.11%) and biogenic (7.51%), respectively and they contributed 33.4%, 17.6%, 12.9%, 18.6%, 9.28% and 8.22% to the OFP, respectively. Combustion and LPG usage were the dominant VOC sources; and combustion, solvent usage and LPG usage were the main sources of OFP in Xuchang city, which were different to megacities in China with a high contribution from vehicular exhaust, solvent usage and industry, suggesting specific control strategies on VOCs need to be implemented in medium-sized city such as Xuchang city.     

石家庄一次持续性霾过程形成原因及气溶胶垂直探空分析

为了研究石家庄冬季霾过程的形成原因及污染物变化特征,对2015年12月17—26日一次持续性霾过程中地面气象要素、天气背景场、PM(PM_(2.5)和PM_(10))、气态污染物(SO_2、CO、NO_2和O_3)、边界层垂直结构和数浓度垂直分布进行了综合观测分析.结果表明,华北上空稀疏的等压线和均压场结构、地面小风、高湿度的气象条件为这次霾污染的发生和持续提供了有利的动力和水汽条件.霾过程中PM_(2.5)、PM_(10)、SO_2、NO_2、O_3和CO的平均浓度分别为208.1、299.4、75.3、81.9、13.1μg·m~(-3)和4.2 mg·m~(-3),分别是清洁天的5.8、4.5、1.4、2.4、0.5和4.7倍.逆温层的存在阻碍了近地层气溶胶粒子向高层的传输.逆温层上部层边界层内0.3μm和0.3~2.5μm的气溶胶数浓度分别减少了25%~40%和63%~85%.在200 m高度内,0.3、0.3~0.5、0.5~1.0和1.0~2.5μm的气溶胶在霾天的平均数浓度分别为503.0、295.7、103.9和8.9 cm~(-3),分别是清洁天的2.8、17.8、31.9和24.4倍.     

大气中细颗粒物对肺癌细胞A549迁移和侵袭作用的影响

采集大连城区大气中可吸入性细颗粒物(PM_(2.5)),研究其对肺癌A549细胞迁移、黏附和侵袭力的影响,利用明胶酶谱法检测细胞分泌的基质金属蛋白酶活性,利用Western blot法测定A549细胞中转移相关蛋白的表达。结果表明,在无明显细胞毒性浓度下,PM_(2.5)可增加A549细胞的迁移速率;细胞与细胞外基质的黏附率增加;细胞侵袭实验结果表明PM_(2.5)可增加A549细胞穿透基底膜的能力;用明胶酶谱法检测发现PM_(2.5)可使A549细胞分泌的基质金属蛋白酶-2(MMP-2)和基质金属蛋白酶-9(MMP-9)活性增强。转移相关蛋白——细胞钙粘蛋白-N(N-cadherin)的表达量升高,而钙粘蛋白-E(E-cadherin)的表达量下降,实验结果表明,PM_(2.5)可增强A549细胞的侵袭性,大气中的可吸入性颗粒可能导致肺癌转移发生率增加。     

2014年“国家公祭日”保障期间南京PM2.5中碳组分污染特征

利用2014年“国家公祭日”期间南京市草场门测点OC和EC在线监测仪器,分析了PM_2.5中碳组分污染特征,结果表明：“国家公祭日”保障期间OC、EC的平均质量浓度为9.6 μg/m³和3.9 μg/m³,两者占PM_2.5质量的19%,是PM_2.5的重要组成部分;“国家公祭日”期间OC/EC（质量浓度比）的平均值为2.47,表明大气中存在二次反应生成的SOC,通过分析管控不同阶段EC与OC以及EC与SO₂、NO₂的相关性,表明两者受本地机动车影响较大;通过气流后向轨迹聚类分析表明,“国家公祭日”管控期间来自周边安徽、江苏、浙江交界处的气流对应的EC浓度最高,为7.14 μg/m³,进一步运用浓度权重轨迹（CWT）方法分析EC的潜在贡献源区,表明对南京EC输送强潜在源区主要在安徽省东南部,集中在芜湖、宣城、黄山一线,其贡献可超过8 μg/m³。     

城市生活垃圾处理技术现状与管理对策

近年来,我国城市生活垃圾产生量每年以约10%的速度迅猛增长,而城市生活垃圾处理能力发展相对滞后。客观评述城市生活垃圾常用的填埋、焚烧、堆肥3种处理技术的优缺点和在国内的应用现状,并针对城市生活垃圾在收运、处理以及管理等环节中存在的突出问题,提出了明确的建议与措施：首先,完善相关法规政策,实施分类收集,加强源头控制;其次,创新管理体制,推行市场化运作机制,政府加强政策引导和监督;再次,按照＂谁污染,谁付费＂的原则,建立健全垃圾收费体系;最后,充分利用各种媒介,加大宣传力度,提高公众环保意识。同时,还探讨了城市生活垃圾处理技术发展的趋势。焚烧处理将是今后一段时期我国最有发展潜力的技术,气化熔融焚烧技术是一种高效资源化、污染物接近零排放的新型焚烧技术;生物反应器填埋技术可减少渗滤液处理量、降低垃圾处理成本,具有广阔的发展前景;堆肥技术可作为焚烧或填埋之前的预处理手段;城市生活垃圾综合处理集多种处理技术的优点于一体,在节约处理成本,提高经济效益的同时,实现了垃圾的减量化、资源化、无害化,是未来我国生活垃圾处理的优先发展方向。     

基于QUAL2K模型的钱塘江流域安全纳污能力研究

针对钱塘江流域污染物总量控制的纳污能力定量问题,选择非感潮河段干流和一级支流,基于QUAL2K模型和一维水质模型,研究了BOD安全纳污能力.研究结果表明,钱塘江流域纳污能力QUAL2K模型计算值大于一维模型计算值;基于QUAL2K模型的m值水体纳污能力计算法,结合了总量控制与浓度控制理念,适用于钱塘江流域水体纳污能力计算;流域各行政区BOD安全纳污能力从大到小依次为:杭州＞金华＞衢州＞绍兴＞丽水.     

Emission source-based ozone isopleth and isosurface diagrams and their significance in ozone pollution control strategies

In the past decade, ozone (O₃) pollution has been continuously worsening in most developing countries. The accurate identification of the nonlinear relationship between O₃ and its precursors is a prerequisite for formulating effective O₃ control measures. At present, precursor-based O₃ isopleth diagrams are widely used to infer O₃ control strategy at a particular location. However, there is frequently a large gap between the O₃-precursor nonlinearity delineated by the O₃ isopleths and the emission source control measures to reduce O₃ levels. Consequently, we developed an emission source-based O₃ isopleth diagram that directly illustrates the O₃ level changes in response to synergistic control on two types of emission sources using a validated numerical modeling system and the latest regional emission inventory. Isopleths can be further upgraded to isosurfaces when co-control on three types of emission sources is investigated. Using Guangzhou and Foshan as examples, we demonstrate that similar precursor-based O₃ isopleths can be associated with significantly different emission source co-control strategies. In Guangzhou, controlling solvent use emissions was the most effective approach to reduce peak O₃ levels. In Foshan, co-control of on-road mobile, solvent use, and fixed combustion sources with a ratio of 3:1:2 or 3:1:3 was best to effectively reduce the peak O₃ levels below 145 ppbv. This study underscores the importance of using emission source-based O₃ isopleths and isosurface diagrams to guide a precursor emission control strategy that can effectively reduce the peak O₃ levels in a particular area.