Influence of the sewage irrigation on the agricultural soil properties in Tongliao City, China

Increasing shortages of fresh water has led to greater use of treated wastewater for irrigation of crops. This study evaluates the spatial variability of soil properties after irrigation with wastewater and freshwater. Geostatistical techniques were used to identify the variability of soil properties at the different sites. A set of physical and chemical soil properties were measured including total nitrogen (TN), total phosphorus (TP), organic matter (OM) and soil moisture. The TN concentration levels varied from 567 to 700 mg·kg^-1, while OC levels ranged from 7.3 to 16.3 mg·kg^-1 in wastewater-irrigated zones. The concentration levels of TP were between 371.53 and 402.88 mg·kg^-1 for the wastewater-irrigated sites. Wastewater irrigation resulted in higher TN, TP and OM concentrations by 18.4%, 8% and 25%, respectively. The highest TN and OM occurred along the wastewater trunk. It was also observed that nitrogen concentrations correlate with the soil's organic matter. The increase of salinity may be associated with the increase of pH, which might suggest that a reduction of pH will be beneficial for plant growth due to the decrease of salinity. The average concentrations of nitrogen in topsoil were higher than those in subsurface soils in irrigated areas. Such differences of the N profile might be due to variations in organic matter content and microbial populations. Consistent with TN and OM, soil C:N decreased significantly with an increase of depth. This phenomenon possibly reflects a greater degree of breakdown and the older age of humus stored in the deeper soil layers. The analysis of pH levels at different depths for the three sites showed that pH values for wastewater irrigation were slightly lower than the controlled sites at the same depths.     

水利工程环境安全保障及泄洪消能技术研究

正"水利工程环境安全保障及泄洪消能技术研究"(项目编号:2016YFC0401700)是国家重点研发计划"水资源高效开发利用"重点专项在"重大水利工程建设与安全运行"领域首批启动的项目之一。项目成立了由著名水工水力学专家刘之平教授级高工领衔、11家单位200余名科研人员参加的科技攻关团队,包括中国水利水电科学研究院、南京水利科学研究院、长江科学院等科研院所,河海大学、四川大学、天津大学、湖北工业     

从粉煤灰中提取氧化铝无“三废”清洁工艺

从粉煤灰中提取氧化铝,并作废气、废液和废渣循环及利用,是一种粉煤灰高附加值、低污染的综合利用新工艺。在工艺流程设计的基础上,通过工艺原理分析和试验,阐述了该工艺的可行性和合理性。      

Translocation and biotoxicity of metal (oxide) nanoparticles in the wetland-plant system

• Aquatic plants are more likely to absorb TiO₂ NPs that are beneficial to them. • Ag NPs inhibited the growth of aquatic plants under both 5- and 60-day exposure. • CeO₂ NPs had positive/negative impact on plant in 5/60-day exposure, respectively. • TiO₂ NPs presence could enhance the photosynthesis and increase the plant biomass. • The ENPs changed plant activity, which resulted in changes of wetland performance. Engineered nanoparticles (ENPs) threaten the environment through wastewater discharging. Generally, constructed wetlands (CWs) are efficient methods for ENPs removal. However, the biotoxicity of ENPs on plants in CWs is unclear. Here, we investigated the distribution and bio-impacts of different ENPs (Ag NPs, TiO₂ NPs, and CeO₂ NPs) in plants under 5- and 60-day exposure to 1 and 50 mg/L concentrations. Results showed that ENPs appeared in the vascular bundle and mesophyll cell space, which induced the variation in antioxidase activities (e.g., superoxide dismutase [SOD], peroxidase [POD], and catalase [CAT] activities) as well as overproduction of malondialdehyde (MDA). Additionally, Ag NPs inhibited photosynthesis rate and root activity during two exposure phases. CeO₂ NPs had positive and negative impacts on plants in 5- and 60-day exposure, respectively. Inversely, TiO₂ NPs enhanced photosynthesis and root activity under 60-day exposure. Finally, the contents of the C, N, and P elements in plants fluctuated in response to ENPs stress. All results have a positive correlation with the wetland performance under ENPs exposure except for TiO₂ NPs treatment. Overall, our study systematically reveals aquatic plants' responses to ENPs and provides a reference for building ecological treatment systems to purify wastewater containing ENPs.     

污染土壤胶体释放特征及其对锌运移的作用

污染土壤样品采自辽宁省某炼锌企业周边农田。通过室内土柱淋溶实验,研究不同pH和离子强度下土壤胶体的释放特征以及对重金属Zn在土壤中运移的作用。结果表明,土壤胶体的释放均呈现先逐渐增强而后渐弱,并趋于稳定。pH和离子强度对土壤胶体的释放有明显的影响,弱酸(pH=6)条件最有利土壤中胶体的释放,其次是中性(pH=7)和碱性(pH=9)条件,在强酸(pH=4)条件下最弱。随离子强度增加,土壤中胶体的释放能力逐渐减弱。淋出液中胶体结合态Zn浓度均超过总Zn浓度的50%,且淋出液中的总Zn浓度与胶体的浓度相关性显著。经SPSS分析,pH=4、6、7和9时,该线性相关系数r分别为0.749、0.948、0.966和0.927,呈极显著相关关系。钙离子强度为0.001、0.01、0.1和0.5 mmol/L时,相关系数r分别为0.921、0.895、0.947和0.907,也呈现极显著相关关系。说明土壤地下水中Zn的运移主要受胶体释放的控制。     

基于水文模型的缺资料流域缺水特征分析——以岷江茫溪河流域为例

针对当前流域水资源短缺分析时空尺度偏大、精度偏低的问题,建立了一种适用于缺资料流域缺水特征分析的方法,即采用SWAT模型计算流域水资源总量,基于统计数据计算流域需水量,研究流域缺水量的月尺度变化特征,并将该方法应用于茫溪河流域,从不同时间、不同空间与不同行业角度开展流域缺水特征分析。结果表明:茫溪河流域多年平均水资源总量为56 460万m³,可利用水量为10 599万m³,河道外需水量为12 650万m³,缺水量为3 134万m³;受降水和农业灌溉影响,茫溪河流域缺水主要集中在非汛期,尤其是灌溉需求较大的4月和5月。     

不同桉树人工林Fe元素积累和循环的比较

为了桉树(Eucalyptus)的可持续经营,采用野外设置样地和室内分析方法相结合,对刚果12桉(Eucalyptus.ABL12)、尾叶桉(E.urophylla)、窿缘桉(E.exserta)3种桉树Fe元素的积累、循环进行比较研究.研究结果表明:刚果12桉、尾叶桉、窿缘桉3种桉树Fe元素质量分数平均值为:2 438.935 4、4618.853 5、3 858.128 8 mg·kg-1;林分Fe元素积累量为:16 787.430 7、73 163.470 1、16 421.537 kg·hm-2.年存留量为尾叶桉＞刚果12桉＞窿缘桉;年归还量为尾叶桉＞窿缘桉＞刚果12桉;刚果12桉、尾叶桉、窿缘桉循环系数分别为0.56、0.49、0.78.尾叶桉林下有植被的林分和林下无植被的林分Fe元素的质量分数分别为5 999.592 9、3 438.114 mg·kg-1;林分Fe元素积累量为:157.005 2、90.926 1 kg·hm-2;Fe元素年存留量分别为31.401 1、18.185 3 kg·hm-2·a-1;年归还量分别为33.418 3、13.947 kg·hm-2·a-1;年吸收量分别为64.819 4、32.132 3 kg·hm-2·a-1;循环系数分别为0.51、0.43.研究结果表明桉树凋落物的回归,促进林下植被的生长发育,对桉树人工林Fe元素的动态平衡起着重要的作用.     

Effects of particle characteristics on flame propagation behavior during organic dust explosions in a half-closed chamber

To reveal the effects of particle characteristics on the mechanisms of flame propagation during organic dust explosions clearly, three long chain monobasic alcohols which are solids at room temperature and have similar physical–chemical properties were chosen to carry out experiments in a half-closed small chamber. A high-speed video camera was used to record the flame propagation process and to obtain the direct light emission photographs. Flame temperature was detected by a fine thermocouple. Based on the experimental results above, analysis was conducted on flame propagation characteristics and temperature profiles of organic particle cloud. As a result, it was found that the particle materials, especially volatility, strongly affected the flame propagation behavior. Particle concentration also affects the combustion zone propagation process significantly. With increasing the particle concentration, the maximum temperature of the combustion zone increases at the lower concentration, reaches a maximum value, and then decreases at the higher concentration. The propagation velocity of the combustion zone has a linear relationship with the maximum temperature, which implies conductive heat transfer is dominant in the flame propagation process of the three different volatile dusts.     

镉胁迫对银条内镉残留及其品质的影响

为探索重金属Cd对银条（Stachys floridana Schuttl.ex Benth.）地下茎品质的影响及其Cd残留情况,将银条地下茎在经消毒的沙子中发芽生长,并浇灌改良Hoagland营养液,待银条长到第一朵花的花蕾出现时,对生长状况良好的银条按一定周期浇灌不同质量浓度的Cd^2＋（CdCl2分析纯）,以不施镉为对照,两个月成熟后采其地下茎进行品质测定,并利用电感耦合等离子体发射光谱仪测定经消解的样品中Cd的含量。实验结果表明,随着Cd胁迫质量浓度的增加,可溶性糖、可滴定酸、可溶性蛋白含量逐渐降低,呈负相关关系,相关系数分别为-0.984 9^＊＊、-0.991 2^＊＊和-0.893 3^＊＊,其含量分别为对照的58.40%、57.56%和75.68%;可溶性固形物、维生素C含量呈先稍微上升然后再下降的趋势,而粗纤维的含量则逐渐升高,但数值变化不是很明显;Cd在地下茎中的残留随着Cd胁迫质量浓度的增加而升高,且各处理与对照呈极显著差异,并与国家蔬菜卫生标准相比,Cd含量严重超标,在250 mg·L^-1的Cd质量浓度下其残留是国家标准的16.46倍。     

纳米二硫化钼促进粪肠球菌中信息素诱导质粒介导的耐药基因接合转移

粪肠球菌是一种通常寄居在人和动物胃肠道中的机会致病菌,并广泛存在于环境中。其可通过基因的水平转移获得抗生素抗性。纳米二硫化钼(molybdenum disulfide, MoS_2)是一种新型的二维层状材料,有广泛的应用前景,但缺乏对纳米MoS_2完整的生物安全评价。本研究以粪肠球菌为接合模型,将纳米MoS_2加入接合体系中研究其对信息素诱导质粒pCF10接合转移的影响。研究发现,纳米MoS_2具有促进接合转移的作用,其中25 mg·L^(-1)的纳米MoS_2促进效果最明显,可以将接合频率提高5倍～8倍。因为纳米MoS_2良好的生物相容性对细胞膜通透性、细胞内活性氧水平和接合转移调控基因的表达都没有产生明显影响。纳米MoS_2具有吸附性能,而且又是片层状的结构,这使得其可以附着在细菌表面,促进细菌的聚集,进而促进pCF10质粒接合转移的发生。