用ESR研究香烟烟气对多形核白细胞呼吸爆发的影响

用自旋捕集技术,以二甲基吡咯啉氮酮DMPO(5,5-dimethyl—1-oxide)作为捕捉剂,对吸烟中的气相物质能否刺激人多形核白细胞(PMN)进行呼吸爆发以及吸烟中的气相物质对促癌剂咐(口拜)醇PMA(phorbol myristate acetate)刺激的PMN释放的O_2~-动力学过程的影响进行了研究。结果表明,香烟烟气不能刺激PMN释放O_2~-,但可以改变受PMA刺激的PMN释放O_2~-的动力学过程,且随香烟烟气量的增加,PMN释放出O_2~-的浓度逐渐减小。     

A comparative analysis of endophytic bacterial communities associated with hyperaccumulators growing in mine soils

Interactions between endophytic bacterial communities and hyperaccumulators in heavy metal-polluted sites are not fully understood. In this study, the diversity of stem-associated endophytic bacterial communities of two hyperaccumulators (Solanum nigrum L. and Phytolacca acinosa Roxb.) growing in mine soils was investigated using molecular-based methods. The denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) analysis showed that the endophytic bacterial community structures were affected by both the level of heavy metal pollution and the plant species. Heavy metal in contaminated soil determined, to a large extent, the composition of the different endophytic bacterial communities in S. nigrum growing across soil series (five sampling spots, and the concentration of Cd is from 0.2 to 35.5 mg/kg). Detailed analysis of endophytic bacterial populations by cloning of 16S rRNA genes amplified from the stems of the two plants at the same site revealed a different composition. A total of 51 taxa at the genus level that included α-, β-, and γ-Proteobacteria (68.8% of the two libraries clones), Bacteroidetes (9.0% of the two libraries clones), Firmicutes (2.0% of the two libraries clones), Actinobacteria (16.4% of the two libraries clones), and unclassified bacteria (3.8% of the two libraries clones) were found in the two clone libraries. The most abundant genus in S. nigrum was Sphingomonas (23.35%), while Pseudomonas prevailed in P. acinosa (21.40%). These results suggest that both heavy metal pollution and plant species contribute to the shaping of the dynamic endophytic bacterial communities associated with stems of hyperaccumulators.     

多酚原位固化茶渣对水中Cr（Ⅵ）的吸附

通过甲醛与茶渣中多酚类组分的反应制备了多酚原位固化茶渣吸附材料,并将其用于对水中Cr（Ⅵ）的吸附。表征结果显示：茶渣多酚的原位固化提高了其热稳定性,同时对茶渣粒料起到了修补增强作用。固化茶渣对Cr（Ⅵ）的吸附量随溶液pH的减小而增大。在吸附温度303 K、初始Cr（Ⅵ）质量浓度60 mg/L、吸附剂投加量1.0 g/L、吸附时间300 min、溶液pH为2的条件下,固化茶渣对Cr（Ⅵ）的吸附量为56.56 mg/g,去除率达94.3%。固化茶渣对Cr（Ⅵ）的吸附符合Langmuir等温吸附模型和准二级动力学方程,吸附是一个自发的、吸热过程,303,318,333 K下的Langmuir饱和吸附量分别为83.26,107.64,129.20 mg/g。     

Characteristics of night soil and leaf co-composting using aerobic static method

The main purpose of this work is to investigate the characteristics of night soil and leaf co-composting using aerobic static composting method. Three influencing factors, including proportion of night soil and leaf, aeration rate and aeration pattern, were investigated through the evolution of the principal physicochemical properties, i.e., temperature, oxygen consumption rate, organic matters, moisture content, carbon, nitrogen, carbon-to-nitrogen ratio and Germination index (GI). It was found that the 3∶1 (w∶w) mixture of night soil and leaf was capable of achieving the highest composting temperature, longest retention time of high temperature (55°C), and fastest organic matter degradation. The 0.14 m³·min^-1·m^-3 aeration rate was most beneficial to composting, and the mixture of night soil and leaf maintained the highest temperature for the longest duration and achieved the highest CO₂ content and GI. The continuous aeration pattern during composting was superior to an intermittent aeration pattern, since the latter delayed the composting process.     

云南宣威肺癌高发区C1煤燃烧排放颗粒物中PAHs的组成特征及健康风险

宣威煤燃烧排放产物与其所导致的肺癌高发率一直是国际学术界关注的热点,但煤燃烧排放颗粒物中的关键致毒组分还不清楚。以肺癌高发区产出的晚二叠世C1煤燃烧排放不同粒径颗粒物为研究对象,分析其中主要有害有机污染物多环芳烃(PAHs)的分布特征及其健康风险。结果表明宣威煤燃烧排放的颗粒物中16种PAHs的总质量浓度为77 359.21 ng·m-3,其中含量最高的是苯并(g,h,i)苝,其他主要的PAHs依此为:屈、苯并(b)荧蒽、苯并(a)蒽、荧蒽、二苯并(a,h)蒽、菲、苯并(k)荧蒽、茚并(1,2,3-cd)芘;强致癌化合物苯并a芘(Ba P)总浓度亦可达到10 060.13 ng·m-3;这些有害有机物主要分布在细颗粒物中;不同粒径颗粒物的毒性当量存在明显差异,细颗粒的毒性当量占可吸入颗粒物中PAHs总毒性当量的87.4%,远高于粗颗粒(12%)和超细颗粒物(0.4%)的毒性当量。     

炼油厂环境风险评价研究——以中化泉州1200万t/a炼油项目为例

环境风险评价在建设项目环境影响评价工作中日益受到重视,是化工类项目的审查重点。根据HJ/T169-2004《建设项目环境风险评价技术导则》,以拟新建中化泉州1200万t/a炼油项目为例,对其事故风险进行了识别。在统计国内外相关事故的基础上,给出了事故概率和事故源项,定量评价了火灾爆炸和毒物泄漏对环境的影响,并提出了切实可行的风险防范措施。按照中石化的相关规定,对项目产生的事故废水进行了核算,并提出了事故水三级防控措施。     

苯酚降解菌UW7的鉴定及对苯酚的降解作用

从焦化厂污水处理曝气池泥样中分离出具有降解苯酚能力的UW7菌株,根据形态、生理生化性状初步鉴定为不动杆菌属(Acinetobacter).该菌16S rRNA基因序列(在GenBank中的登录号为GU083586)与多株鲁氏不动杆菌(A.lowffii)的相似性在99%以上.结合形态、生理生化特性,鉴定UW7菌株为鲁氏不动杆菌(A.lowffii UW7),该种细菌具有降解苯酚的特性尚未见报道.该菌株降解苯酚的最适温度为30℃,最适生长pH 7.0,对2.5 g/L浓度的苯酚能够有效降解,对3.5～4.0 g/L浓度的苯酚有较强的耐受能力,是处理高浓度苯酚废水的良好菌种资源.     

温度及时间对污泥和餐厨垃圾保存特性的影响

为确定污泥和餐厨垃圾在不同条件下的保存期限,以夏、冬季取样的污泥和餐厨垃圾为研究对象,考察了其在4、20、和35 ℃条件下自身理化性质随保存时间的变化情况。通过总糖、总蛋白质、NH₃-N、pH和总挥发性脂肪酸(TVFA)等理化指标和乳酸、乙酸等有机酸的变化规律确定其最佳保存期限。结果表明,在污泥保存过程中,总糖、总蛋白质表现为下降趋势,NH₃-N和pH则持续上升,整体表现为随着保存温度的升高,总糖、总蛋白质、NH₃-N和pH的上升和下降趋势更加明显;餐厨垃圾在各保存条件下均出现明显的变质酸化现象,其中,乳酸为最主要有机酸。冬季和夏季取样污泥在4 ℃环境中分别可以保存30 d和15 d;对于餐厨垃圾,冬季取样时可在4 ℃环境中保存1 d,而在其他情况下均达不到理想的保存效果。     

高效脱氮菌增强膜曝气生物反应器处理市政污水

利用自行筛选的好氧反硝化菌（Pseudomonas sp.）添加到膜曝气生物反应器构建高效脱氮菌群增强膜曝气生物反应器来处理市政污水。研究表明,对于高效脱氮菌的附着下形成的增强型膜曝气生物反应器,在COD负荷为7.6 g COD·（m2·d）-1,水力停留时间为5 h下,可使污染物的COD、氨氮及总氮的去除率分别保持在87%、98%和85%以上。总氮去除率比平行对比的传统型膜曝气生物反应器高出10%。DGGE分析显示,筛选菌种在增强型膜曝气生物反应器中比平行膜曝气生物反应器明显增多,从微观上证明了菌种发挥了重要作用。本工艺在生活污水脱氮处理方面有良好的应用前景。     

疏浚技术及其对污染水体治理效果的影响

疏浚技术是控制水体内源污染的有效措施之一。为深入了解疏浚技术应用及治理效果,通过文献研究,综合比较分析了疏浚技术的应用情况、治理效果及其对污染水体生态系统的影响,结果表明:环保疏浚效率高于抓斗式,其他疏浚技术治理效率的报道较少;疏浚技术应用广泛,但工程应用后,污染水体水质改善效果具有显著和不显著的两面性;疏浚效果分为长期、短期和瞬时效应,目前疏浚效果的瞬时效应比较常见;影响疏浚效果的因素有疏浚时机械扰动和疏浚深度,扰动造成底泥颗粒物悬浮和污染物释放,目前疏浚深度为0~90 cm,每项疏浚工程都有特定的去除营养元素效果最好的疏浚深度;疏浚对生物群落的影响分为短期和长期,短期影响生物多样性和生物量,长期影响表现在生物群落的重建。专业疏浚设备的研制、精准疏浚技术和疏浚对内源营养盐的影响等方面还有待进一步研究和深化。