Carbonyl sulfide (COS) and carbon disulfide (CS2) exchange fluxes between cotton fields and the atmosphere in the arid area in Xinjiang,China

Due to the important roles of carbonyl sulfide (COS) and carbon disulfide (CS₂) in atmospheric chemistry, this study was designed to determine different proportions of COS and CS₂ fluxes contributed from different sources, i.e., vegetation, soil and roots, at monthly and hourly timescales in the arid area in Xinjiang, China. Results indicated that the seasonal net uptake of COS by vegetation was predominant in the growing season. The CS₂ fluxes from vegetation and soils had no significant seasonal variations compared with COS. The exchange rates of COS and CS₂ have been found to be stimulated by the addition of nutrients in the form of urea fertilizer. Compared with the results of plots that were treated only with nitrogen, the treatments with both nitrogen and sulfur displayed no significant difference in the exchange fluxes. The results of compartment experiments indicated that the aboveground plants had the highest uptake of COS and had a vital role in the uptake of COS during the main growth period. The shares of COS emissions from the soil and roots increased to 6–17% and 55–58%, respectively, in the total COS fluxes when conditions, such as drought and senescence, were unfavorable for the developmental of vegetation. Observations of the preliminary diurnal fluxes indicated that the fluxes that occurred at night, with contributions from soils and plants, accounted for 27% of the total daily uptake of COS uptake. These quantitative results may be reasonably accounted for the use of COS as a promising tracer to obtain independent constraints on terrestrial carbon exchange at regional to global scales for their response to special environmental conditions in semiarid area.

     

Boosting freshwater fish conservation with high-resolution distribution mapping across a large territory

The lack of high-resolution distribution maps for freshwater species across large extents fundamentally challenges biodiversity conservation worldwide. We devised a simple framework to delineate the distributions of freshwater fishes in a high-resolution drainage map based on stacked species distribution models and expert information. We applied this framework to the entire Chinese freshwater fish fauna (>1600 species) to examine high-resolution biodiversity patterns and reveal potential conflicts between freshwater biodiversity and anthropogenic disturbances. The correlations between spatial patterns of biodiversity facets (species richness, endemicity, and phylogenetic diversity) were all significant (r = 0.43–0.98, p < 0.001). Areas with high values of different biodiversity facets overlapped with anthropogenic disturbances. Existing protected areas (PAs), covering 22% of China's territory, protected 25–29% of fish habitats, 16–23% of species, and 30–31% of priority conservation areas. Moreover, 6–21% of the species were completely unprotected. These results suggest the need for extending the network of PAs to ensure the conservation of China's freshwater fishes and the goods and services they provide. Specifically, middle to low reaches of large rivers and their associated lakes from northeast to southwest China hosted the most diverse species assemblages and thus should be the target of future expansions of the network of PAs. More generally, our framework, which can be used to draw high-resolution freshwater biodiversity maps combining species occurrence data and expert knowledge on species distribution, provides an efficient way to design PAs regardless of the ecosystem, taxonomic group, or region considered.     

Conservation genetics of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Lumnitzera littorea</Emphasis> (Combretaceae), an endangered mangrove,from the Indo-West Pacific

Mangrove forests, with their ecological significance and economic benefits, are vital inter-tidal wetland ecosystems. Lumnitzera littorea (Combreataceae) is a non-viviparous mangrove distributed in tropical Asia and North Australia. Due to natural and human impacts, populations of this species have been isolated, fragmented, and highly disturbed. In China, L. littorea is an endangered species, restricted to small regions of Hainan Island. The genetic composition of five populations of this species from the Indo-West Pacific (South China, Malay Peninsula, Sri Lanka, North Australia) was assessed using inter simple sequence repeat (ISSR) makers. At the species level, expected mean heterozygosity (He) was 0.240 with 75.6% of loci polymorphic (P). However, genetic variation was much lower at the population level (P = 37.1%, He = 0.118). A high coefficient of gene differentiation (Gst = 0.515) and low level of gene flow (Nm = 0.470) indicated significant genetic differentiation among populations. AMOVA also indicated that more than half the total variation (58.4%) was partitioned among populations. The high degree of differentiation observed among populations emphasizes the need for appropriate conservation measures that incorporate additional populations into protected areas, and achieve the restoration of separate, degraded populations.     

氯酚类化合物对青鱼和细鳞斜颌鯝幼鱼的毒性

以我国特有青鱼和细鳞斜颌鯝为受试物种,利用其生命早期阶段的急性毒性LC50值和28d慢性生长抑制试验所获得的最大可接受浓度(MATC)评价了3种氯酚类化合物的毒性效应.实验结果显示,2,4-二氯酚(2,4-DCP),2,4,6-三氯酚(2,4,6-TCP)和五氯酚(PCP)对青鱼和细鳞斜颌鯝的的96hLC50值分别为4.01(3.61～4.68)、1.22(1.12～1.31)、0.10(0.08～0.11)mg·mL-1和2.48(1.94～2.89)、1.10(0.38～1.36)、0.09(0.08～0.10)mg·mL-1,且3种氯酚类化合物对青鱼的毒性和细鳞斜颌鲴的毒性存在良好的线性相关性.根据化学物质对鱼类毒性分级标准,PCP对青鱼和细鳞斜颌鲴均为剧毒,2,4-DCP和2,4,6-TCP对青鱼和细鳞斜颌鲴均为高毒.青鱼对2,4-DCP,2,4,6-TCP和PCP的MATC分别为0.05mg·mL-1、0.10mg·mL-1和0.015mg·mL-1,对应的急慢性毒性比(ACR)分别为80.2、12.2和6.67;细鳞斜颌鲴对2,4-DCP、2,4,6-TCP和PCP的MATC分别为0.30mg·mL-1、0.15mg·mL-1和0.01mg·mL-1,对应ACR分别为8.27、7.33和9.00.     

Degradation and detoxification of microcystin-LR in drinking water by sequential use of UV and ozone

Microcystins (MCs) produced by cyanobacteria are strong hepatotoxins and classified as possible carcinogens.MCs pose a considerable threat to human health through tainted drinking and surface waters.Herein filtrated water from a waterworks in Harbin,China,was spiked with microcystin-LR (MC-LR) extracted from a toxic scum of microcystis aeruginosa,and the spiked sample waters were treated using UV irradiation with consequent ozonation process (UV/O3),compared with ozonation at a dose range commonly applied in water treatment plants,UV irradiation at 254 nm and UV irradiation combined with ozonation (UV+O3),respectively.The remaining of toxins were analyzed using high-performance liquid chromatography and also determined using a protein phosphatase type 2A inhibition assay,which was utilized to evaluate the reduction in toxicity.Results indicated that in comparison to other three processes (O3,UV,and UV+O3),UV/O 3 process could effectively decrease both the concentration and toxicity of MC-LR at 100 μg/L level after 5 min UV irradiation with consequent 5 min ozonation at 0.2 mg/L (below 1 μg/L),while 0.5 mg/L ozone dose was required for the level below 0.1 μg/L.The addition of an UV treatment step to the existing treatment train may induce significant transformation of micropollutants and breaks down the natural organic matters into moieties unfavorable for ozone decomposition,stabilizing the ozone residual.These findings suggested that sequential use of UV and ozone may be a suitable method for the removal of these potentially hazardous microcystins from drinking water.     

An energy-absorbing sliding seat for reducing neck injury risks in rear impact—analysis for prototype built

Objective: This study investigated overall performance of an energy-absorbing sliding seat concept for whiplash neck injury prevention. The sliding seat allows its seat pan to slide backward for some distance under certain restraint force to absorb crash energy in rear impacts.

Methods: A numerical model that consisted of vehicle interior, seat, seat belt, and BioRID II dummy was built in MADYMO to evaluate whiplash neck injury in rear impact. A parametric study of the effects of sliding seat parameters, including position and cushion stiffness of head restraint, seatback cushion stiffness, recliner characteristics, and especially sliding energy-absorbing (EA) restraint force, on neck injury criteria was conducted in order to compare the effectiveness of the sliding seat concept with that of other existing anti-whiplash mechanisms. Optimal sliding seat design configurations in rear crashes of different severities were obtained. A sliding seat prototype with bending of a steel strip as an EA mechanism was fabricated and tested in a sled test environment to validate the concept. The performance of the sliding seat under frontal and rollover impacts was checked to make sure the sliding mechanism did not result in any negative effects.

Results: The protective effect of the sliding seat with EA restraint force is comparable to that of head restraint–based and recliner stiffness–based anti-whiplash mechanisms. EA restraint force levels of 3 kN in rear impacts of low and medium severities and 6 kN in impacts of high severity were obtained from optimization. In frontal collision and rollover, compared to the nonsliding seat, the sliding seat does not result in any negative effects on occupant protection. The sled test results of the sliding seat prototype have shown the effectiveness of the concept for reducing neck injury risks.

Conclusion: As a countermeasure, the sliding seat with appropriate restraint forces can significantly reduce whiplash neck injury risk in rear impacts of low, medium, and high severities with no negative effects on other crash load cases.     

巢湖流域和太湖流域沉积物中苄氯菊酯和高效氰戊菊酯的生态风险评价

分析了巢湖流域和太湖流域表层沉积物中苄氯菊酯和高效氰戊菊酯,并结合毒性单元法(Toxic Unit,TU)和物种敏感性分布法(Species Sensitivity Distributions,SSD)评价了两种拟除虫菊酯的生态风险.结果显示,两大流域沉积物中均广泛检测出两类污染物.总体而言,巢湖流域苄氯菊酯含量较高,而太湖流域高效氰戊菊酯含量较高.同时,两种污染物在巢湖流域呈现显著的正相关,但太湖流域二者之间没有相关关系.3种风险评价方法(TU法、沉积物SSD法、水体SSD法)均揭示苄氯菊酯对巢湖流域水生环境影响较大,而高效氰戊菊酯对两个流域影响均较大.因此,需要加强对流域高效氰戊菊酯污染的关注.其中,TU法预测的风险最小,沉积物SSD法预测的风险最大,主要原因在于TU法采用的毒性数据为LC50,而SSD法则选用了NOEC/LOEC,同时沉积物SSD法是出于保护大部分底栖生物为目的的方法.各种方法对于评价沉积物毒害污染物的生态风险均存在不足,尽管沉积物SSD法最为合理,但由于其毒性数据较少,最终预测结果存在一定的不确定性.因此,需要进一步加强对底栖生物毒性的研究和数据积累.     

饮食业油烟监测中存在的问题及解决对策

从实际的饮食业油烟监测出发,结合执行与实践《饮食业油烟排放标准》(GB18483-2001)过程中的各种体会,从采样位置、采样工况以及基准灶头数这三个方面,对饮食业油烟监测中存在的问题进行了探讨,并提出了相应的解决对策:油烟监测前,应确保采样位置的规范,必须对采样断面和位置进行优化选择;油烟监测中,应确保采样工况的正常,油烟净化设备务必处于正常工作状态,要派专人负责工况的监督,维持工况的稳定;在今后的标准修订中,建议对基准灶头数的折算方式予以明确,而不是目前按灶的总发热功率或排气罩灶面总投影面积两种方式并存。     

重点污染行业实施环境管理体系绩效评价指标体系构建及应用

本文针对重点污染行业特点,从能资源消耗、综合利用、环境污染和社会反响四个方面构建了重点污染行业实施环境管理体系绩效评价指标体系,并以化工行业为研究对象,评估了14家企业体系实施前与实施后的绩效。结果表明,实施环境管理体系,有利于提高企业环境效益。