自然通风对学生宿舍室内苯污染影响的数值模拟

为降低健康风险,采用计算流体力学数值模拟方法,研究了4种不同通风工况对学生宿舍室内苯污染的影响,讨论了室内苯浓度、气流速度矢量与空气龄分布。结果表明：自然通风对于室内苯污染的去除效果明显,进出风口的位置与大小会影响室内气流分布,良好的气流组织更有利于室内污染物的及时排出;出风口对于室内污染物的排出影响较大,增大出风口的面积有利于苯的排出,能更加有效地降低室内苯污染;进风口对室内空气龄影响明显,增大进风口面积能有效提高室内空气的新鲜程度,有利于室内苯污染的稀释,提高学生宿舍室内空气品质。     

聚四氟乙烯复合膜材料的透湿性和生物防护性能研究

测试了聚四氟乙烯（PTFE）复合膜材料的透湿性和对氯化钠气溶胶、粉末状微生物枯草芽孢杆菌黑色变种（ATCC9372）、液体中脊髓灰质炎病毒疫苗株的防护性能。结果表明，该复合膜材料有良好的透湿性能，同时对氯化钠气溶胶、粉末状和液体中的微生物均具有良好的防护性能。     

枯水季和丰水季长江口海域生源硫的浓度变化特征及影响因素

为深入研究河口近岸海域DMS（二甲基硫）的生物地球化学过程,于2014年2月（枯水季）和7月（丰水季）对长江口及附近海域表层海水中DMS及其前体物质DMSP（二甲巯基丙酸内盐）的浓度分布及影响因素进行了研究,测定了DMSPd（溶解态DMSP）的降解速率和DMS的生物生产与微生物消费速率,并估算了DMS的海-气通量.结果表明:①枯水季和丰水季c（DMS）、c（DMSPd）、c（DMSPp）（DMSPp为颗粒态DMSP）的平均值±标准偏差分别为（0.54±0.28）（2.04±1.32）（6.65±5.07）和（3.99±3.70）（5.57±4.72）（14.26±9.17）nmol/L,长江口海域丰水季生源硫化物的浓度明显高于枯水季.②枯水季和丰水季c（DMSPd）与ρ（Chla）均呈弱相关,说明浮游植物在控制长江口海域DMSP的生产分布中发挥重要作用.③枯水季和丰水季c（DMS）/ρ（Chla）的平均值±标准偏差分别为（2.62±3.28）和（4.60±7.49）mmol/g,表明丰水季DMS的高产藻种（甲藻）在浮游植物生物量中所占比例高于枯水季.④枯水季表层海水中DMSPd的降解速率和DMS的生物生产速率分别介于（2.84~30.53）和（0.52~2.19）nmol/（L·d）之间,平均值分别为14.55和1.30 nmol/（L·d）,表明DMS并不是DMSPd的主要降解产物.⑤枯水季和丰水季DMS的海-气通量平均值±标准偏差分别为（0.36±0.32）和（2.17±2.98）μmol/（m2·d）,而且丰水季的硫排放量明显高于枯水季,这主要与夏季较高的c（DMS）有关.研究显示,长江口海域生源硫化物的浓度变化及分布特征呈明显的季节性差异,河口近岸海域是海洋有机硫排放的重要区域.      

A novel speed model for safety evaluation of freeway alignment in Euclidean 3D space

Objective: Operating speed is a critical indicator to evaluate consistency of road alignment and safety. Although extensive studies have been conducted on developing operating speed models, few researchers have considered the interactive influence of horizontal and vertical alignment in 3D space. The purpose of this study is to develop a speed model based on 3D alignment in Euclidean space rather than traditional horizontal and vertical alignment.

Methods: According to the curve theory of differential geometry, a novel method to estimate operating speed is proposed in our study using 3D space curvature instead of traditional horizontal or vertical parameters to describe the spatial geometric properties for a freeway alignment. Speeds of 54 different alignment segments are observed to develop the speed model. Several observing sites of each segment are selected beforehand, and the speeds of more than 300 vehicles in each site are observed. Space curvature is used as an important index to estimate operating speed.

Results: The findings of this study indicated that both horizontal alignment and vertical alignment contribute to space curvature. Space curvature mainly affects direction control operating performance. However, vehicles overcome the effects of gravity along the vertical alignment in the z direction. Results indicate that operating speed exponentially declines with space curvature and that quadratic parabola decline with vertical grade.

Conclusions: It can be concluded that there is a clear correlation between velocity and spatial curvature, which is proved by variance analysis. The estimation results of the speed models are reliable as tested using a real engineering example. The study would provide a scientific basis for safety evaluation of freeway alignment.     

Risk assessment of potentially toxic elements in smaller than 100-μm street dust particles from a valley-city in northwestern China

Concentrations of potentially toxic elements (PTEs As, Ba, Co, Cr, Cu, Mn, Ni, Pb, Sr, V, Zn and Mo) in smaller than 100-μm street dust particles from Xining, a typical valley-city in northwestern China, were determined using X-ray fluorescence spectrometry, and their potential risks to local ecosystem and human health were assessed using potential ecological risk index and health risk model. The results indicate that the concentration of As, Ba, Co, Cr, Cu, Mn, Ni, Pb, Sr, V, Zn and Mo in the smaller than 100-μm street dust particles from Xining ranges from 0.8 to 11.1, 339.4 to 767.7, 27.2 to 110.2, 185.7 to 5134.5, 15.1 to 115.2, 150.1 to 623.5, 16.8 to 74.1, 24.4 to 233.0, 169.9 to 475.7, 47.4 to 96.8, 33.1 to 231.1 and 0.2 to 4.3 mg kg^?1, with an arithmetic mean of 3.6, 415.6, 50.1, 573.0, 40.6, 409.1, 22.6, 52.7, 257.8, 57.1, 108.6 and 2.5 mg kg^?1, respectively. Compared to the background value of local soil, the smaller than 100-μm street dust particles from Xining have elevated concentrations of Co, Cr, Cu, Pb, Zn, Sr and Mo. The contamination levels of Ba, Co, Cr, Cu, Pb, Zn, Sr and Mo are higher than As, Mn, Ni and V. The comprehensive potential ecological risk levels of PTEs were moderate to considerable. The non-carcinogenic risks of PTEs studied on children and adults due to dust exposure are limited except for Cr to children. Cr in the dust may pose a potential health risk to children; this should draw more attention.     

Combined process of biofiltration and ozone oxidation as an advanced treatment process for wastewater reuse

The effluent of a wastewater treatment plant was treated in a pilot plant for reclaimed water production through the denitrification biofilter (DNBF) process, ozonation (O₃), and biologic aerated filtration (BAF). The combined process demonstrated good removal performance of conventional pollutants, including concentrations of chemical oxygen demand (27.8 mg·L⁻¹) and total nitrogen (9.9 mg·L⁻¹) in the final effluent, which met the local discharge standards and water reuse purposes. Micropollutants (e.g., antibiotics and endocrine-disrupting chemicals) were also significantly removed during the proposed process. Ozonation exhibited high antibiotic removal efficiencies, especially for tetracycline (94%). However, micropollutant removal efficiency was negatively affected by the nitrite produced by DNBF. Acute toxicity variations of the combined process were estimated by utilizing luminescent bacteria. Inhibition rate increased from 9% to 15% during ozonation. Carbonyl compound concentrations (e.g., aldehydes and ketones) also increased by 58% as by-products, which consequently increased toxicity. However, toxicity eventually became as low as that of the influent because the by-products were effectively removed by BAF. The combined DNBF/O₃/BAF process is suitable for the advanced treatment of reclaimed water because it can thoroughly remove pollutants and toxicity.     

中铝山西分公司氧化铝厂粉尘治理

介绍了山西企业氧化铝熟科窑收尘系统，分析了烟尘排放浓度超标的原因，并就提高收尘效率、降低氧化铝厂粉尘污染提出了改进意见。     

油品流动起电现象浅析及预防措施

油品在运输、装卸和储存等各环节都会产生静电。从分析油品在流动过程中静电产生的原理入手,分析了静电产生的原因,提出了具体的防静电措施。     

西安市娱乐场所室内空气中苯与甲醛的健康风险评价

在对西安市网吧、KTV、咖啡厅、酒吧4类娱乐场所空气中苯、甲醛浓度监测的基础上、评价其致癌风险。检测结果表明,除咖啡厅空气中苯浓度均值未超过GB/T 18883-2002《室内空气质量标准》限值（0.11mg/m³）外,甲醛和其他娱乐场所空气中苯与甲醛的浓度均超过国家规定限值。健康风险表明,西安市娱乐场所男性从业人员面临的苯与甲醛的致癌风险均值分别为6.21×10⁵、10.59×10^-5,女性则分别为5.46×10^-5、9.32×10^-5,均超过美国环保局制定的可接受风险值,存在较大致癌风险。