川中坡地沟稻垄杂技术及其效益分析

四川坡耕地水土流失十分严重。沟稻垄杂耕作法是在同一坡地空间实行垄沟植稻,垄上(埂)种植红苕、玉米和豆类等杂粮的一种水土保持耕作方法。据在川中遂宁等地试验、示范、推广,沟稻垄杂耕作法可使坡耕地水份流失量减少96.03%、泥沙流失量减少98.77%;杂粮保产外,每亩坡地可增收稻谷11 1.3kg。本文介绍了沟稻垄杂耕作效益及栽培技术。     

Ca2+添加对微生物矿化固结Cd2+的影响

微生物诱导碳酸盐沉淀(MICP)可将游离的重金属离子转化为稳定的矿化物,在修复土壤重金属污染方面具有广阔的应用前景.本研究从铜陵矿区周边土壤中筛选得到1株产脲酶且耐镉矿化菌株CZW-1,16S rDNA鉴定为芽孢杆菌(Bacillus sp.),并将其利用于添加外源Ca²⁺的矿化固结Cd²⁺实验中.通过扫描电镜(SEM)、傅立叶红外光谱(FT-IR)以及X射线衍射(XRD)对矿化产物进行表征和分析.结果表明,添加一定浓度的Ca²⁺可促进细菌的生长,其最佳浓度为20 mmol·L^-1.且Ca²⁺的添加可提高细菌的最小抑制浓度和促进脲酶活性,提高对Cd²⁺的矿化率,加钙前后的矿化率由68.93%提高到75.95%.通过对矿化物的定性分析,可知加钙前后的矿物沉淀由单一CdCO₃变为CdCO₃和CaCO₃的复合沉淀,其表面也由严密紧实变成填满了小颗粒CdCO₃的多孔状.     

六六六(HCHs)在小白洋淀水生植物中的分布与富集

利用GC-ECD测定了小白洋淀6个采样点的9种浮水、挺水和沉水植物中4种六六六(hexachlorocyclohexanes,HCHs)异构体的含量,分析了其分布、组成及富集特征。结果表明:1)小白洋淀水生植物中总HCHs含量范围在ND~7.47 ng·g-1(ww),浮水植物中HCHs含量最高,挺水植物各组织含量也有明显差异,根部HCHs含量明显高于茎叶2种组织。2)4种HCHs异构体中,γ-HCH的残留水平要显著高于其他3种异构体。在沉水植物和浮水植物中,均以γ-HCH占绝对比例,相对含量达60%~99%;而在挺水植物中,δ-HCHs占有较高比例,并且主要富集在挺水植物的根部,茎中次之,叶中最少。3)小白洋淀浮水植物和沉水植物HCHs含量与水体中HCHs含量呈显著的正相关关系,而挺水植物荷花、蒲草中HCHs各组分含量与水体中HCHs的相关关系不显著。4)水生植物对水中HCHs的富集系数BCF在8.7~661.2范围;浮水植物的BCF最高,沉水植物次之,挺水植物的茎对水体中HCHs的BCF最低。     

市场机制下的环境经济政策体系初探

市场经济对现行的环境经济政策提出了严峻的挑战。在分析现行的环境经济政策实施状况和存在问题的基础上,提出市场机制下我国的环境经济政策体系框架,包括价格、税收、投资信贷、市场刺激,以及环境与经济核算等5个领域。     

生物氧化提金废物处理及监控系统开发

生物氧化提金法可兼顾黄金资源合理利用及减少对环境的影响。在介绍生物细菌氧化提金工艺的基础上,对提高细菌浸金效果的主要影响因素及生物氧化生产过程中的废物处理进行分析,设计实现基于RS-485总线的分层分布式生物氧化提金监控系统。实践证明:该系统结构简明,运行可靠,便于其他类似项目借鉴和应用。     

Preparation and characterization of high surface area activated carbon from pine wood sawdust by fast activation with H<Subscript>3</Subscript>PO<Subscript>4</Subscript> in a spouted bed

Activated carbons were produced from waste pine wood sawdust using fast activation with H₃PO₄ in a spouted bed. In this study, activation temperature was set as 800 °C, and activation time ranged from 1 to 15 min. Experimental results show that sawdust impregnated with higher mass ratio of H₃PO₄ would be agglomerated in spouted bed, and difficult to fluidize. Therefore, an amount of quartz sand was added to assist for good fluidization. Fluidization of particle can improve the BET surface area or micropore volume of activated carbons. High BET surface area activated carbons can be obtained with activation time of only 1–5 min by combining the fluidization and H₃PO₄ fast activation. The obtained activated carbons contained developed pore structure and abundant surface functional groups (carboxyl, carbonyl and P-containing groups) by SEM–EDS, FTIR and XPS techniques. The particles of impregnation ratio of 1:1 can achieve fluidization without adding the quartz sand, which was convenient for experimental operation and even industrial production, and the BET surface area can reach more than 1000 m²/g in activation time of only 5 min.     

CdS纳米粒子对染料的光催化降解及其对大肠杆菌生物毒性的研究

采用化学沉降法成功合成了CdS纳米粒子,并将其应用于合成染料的光催化降解,同时探讨了CdS纳米粒子对大肠杆菌(Escherichia coli)细胞的生物毒性作用。结果表明:(1)CdS纳米粒子为立方和六面晶型的混合物。(2)光照条件下,4h时甲基橙、考马斯亮蓝及刚果红脱色率均为70%以上;黑暗条件下均不超过30%。CdS纳米粒子可在可见光照射条件下高效催化各类染料脱色。(3)CdS纳米粒子在第1次光催化循环内对体系中甲基橙的脱色率为64%,第2、3次分别可达到51%、36%。CdS纳米粒子有能力对连续添加的染料进行降解。(4)CdS纳米粒子对大肠杆菌具有较高生物毒性。     

A study on variations of concentrations of particulate matter with different sizes in Lanzhou,China

Lanzhou is one of the most air-polluted cities in China and in the world, and its primary air pollutant is particulate matter (PM). Different size particulate matter (TSP, PM₁₀, PM_2.5 and PM_1.0) have different sources and affect the environment and human health differently, so it is very important to study the pollutant characteristics of different particles in order to deeply understand the pollution situation of Lanzhou city and establish reasonable preventive countermeasures. TSP, PM₁₀, PM_2.5 and PM_1.0 concentrations were simultaneously measured in Lanzhou to detect the annual and diurnal variations of concentrations of PM with different sizes and possible causes. The main results are as follows: (1) The annual distribution of monthly average concentrations for coarse particles (TSP and PM₁₀) is bimodal with the highest peak in April, which is different from the situation in other cities not affected by sand-dust events. However, the annual distribution for fine particles (PM_2.5 and PM_1.0) is unimodal with the peak in December. This difference between coarse and fine particles indicates that sand-dust events in spring carry much more coarse than fine particles to Lanzhou. This result is supported by the correlation between springtime wind speed and concentrations of PM with different sizes. (2) Under normal conditions (without dust intrusions), the diurnal distribution of coarse particle concentration in Lanzhou is bimodal. However, the distribution is trimodal during dust intrusions in April, with an extra peak in the afternoon. (3) In general, the highest concentration peaks of the diurnal variations for TSP, PM₁₀, PM_2.5 and PM_1.0 occur at about the same time. However, there are obvious differences in the occurrence time of the minimum concentrations among different kinds of PM. The differences in the occurrence time of minima between coarse and fine particles are due to their different diffusion behaviors in the atmospheric boundary layer.     

巢湖流域灾害链成因机制与减灾对策

在对巢湖流域灾害进行深入研究的基础上,提出以"流域"为边界条件,自然和人文因素叠加下的灾害链作用机制和成因机理,着重从人-地关系地域系统的调控上来制定区域减灾对策,为流域可持续发展提供科学的理论依据与实践指导。从流域内灾害产生的地质—地貌、气象—水文、过渡区环境以及灾害产生的文化与经济四方面原因,分析灾害链产生的三条途径。针对性地提出了该流域减灾防灾必须以关键点为中心,采取生物措施与工程措施相结合、上下协同控制的六条减灾对策措施。     

地下空间向下增层既有-新增双层排桩支护结构鲁棒稳定性研究∗

以既有建筑物地下空间向下增层改造为背景,通过物理模型试验和有限元数值计算的方法对基坑开挖过程中既有?新增双层排桩支护结构鲁棒稳定性进行了分析研究。结果表明：既有支护结构的破坏过程是循序渐进的, 失稳破坏前会发生预警现象,最先发生失稳破坏的地方是随机产生的,这体现了基坑工程施工过程中不确定因素对支护结构变形有较大的影响。既有支护桩与两排桩之间土体的作用类似于重力式挡土墙,开挖至极限开挖深度时二者发生整体式倾覆破坏。既有支护结构失稳破坏时,滑裂面从开挖面附近开始穿过排间土体沿新增支护桩延伸至土体表面。基坑边坡中部滑裂面的影响范围最大,坑角位置处滑裂面的影响范围最小。既有支护桩排局部失稳破坏对支护体系鲁棒稳定性的影响较小,既有支护桩排整体失稳破坏对支护体系鲁棒稳定性的影响较大。