微生物生理群在猪粪秸秆高温堆肥碳氮转化中的作用

在自制的强制通风静态堆肥反应箱中,猪粪与秸秆以鲜重7∶1的比例进行了堆肥化实验,在堆制的23 d里根据堆温变化分阶段采集堆肥样品,利用MPN法测定了堆料中纤维素分解菌和氮素微生物生理群的数量变化,同时测定了相应的碳、氮含量。结果表明,纤维素分解菌在稳定腐熟阶段较多,对于后期有机碳的降解和腐殖质含量的增大起了很大的作用,在堆制的23 d里,腐殖质增加了2.4%。整个堆制过程中,氨化细菌的数量最大且与氨气释放浓度和铵态氮含量呈显著正相关,都在高温期增加,降温期后减少,氨化细菌的数量在高温期的增加率远高于降温期后的减少率,而铵态氮在高温期的增加率远低于在降温后期的减少率,铵态氮总体上减少了74.1%;亚硝化细菌数量与硝态氮呈正相关;反硝化细菌数量在降温期上升幅度较大,堆制结束时为堆制初期的13倍,且与堆肥中硝态氮含量呈正相关;硝态氮含量增加了87.5%;堆肥后期硝态氮的增加可能与堆肥中存在能进行硝化作用的反硝化细菌有关。固氮菌数量在堆制结束时达堆制初期的2.61倍,主要在降温期增加较多,对堆肥中有机氮的形成起很大作用。     

填埋场中亚硝酸还原酶测定条件的优化

填埋垃圾中的含氮化合物经一系列生物脱氮作用,最终使得填埋场中的氮素得以消减,在这一过程中亚硝酸还原酶起着十分重要的作用。以填埋场中的填埋垃圾为研究对象,在土壤亚硝酸还原酶测定方法的基础上,对亚硝酸还原酶活性测定条件进行了优化。结果表明,填埋垃圾中的亚硝酸还原酶活性测定的最优条件为:垃圾样品风干温度25℃,2mL的1%NaNO2溶液和2.5 mL的1%葡萄糖溶液,抽气5 min,置于25℃的培养箱中培养24 h。优化后的测定条件相对标准偏差(RSD)小于1.27%,表明该方法具有较高的灵敏度和精密度。     

生物倍增工艺同步脱氮除磷强化途径分析

通过对生物倍增工艺处理市政污水的沿程污染物降解规律的考察表明,工艺对有机物的去除效果显著,COD和BOD5出水分别为47.80 mg/L和19.80 mg/L;氨氮去除率可达100%。发现厌氧区提前发生反硝化并一定程度上影响系统除磷效果;通过对各主要影响因素进行分析,认为低碳源的进水条件是影响系统同步脱氮除磷效果的关键因素;提出在进水口直接添加碳源以及分点进水的碳源分配＋辅助化学除磷的方式可强化氮磷去除效果。     

Degradation of rizazole in water–sediment systems

This study investigated the degradation of rizazole in water-sediment systems (West Lake system, WL; Beijing–Hangzhou Grand Canal system, BG) with two different types of sediments under aerobic and anaerobic conditions. The half-lives of rizazole in the WL water phase (14.59–15.13 d) were similar to those in the BG water phase (15.90–16.46 d). Within 3–7 d, the rizazole concentration in the sediments reached the maximum values, i.e., equilibrium. Rizazole dissipation was faster in the WL sediment phase with higher organic matter content (T_1/2 = 18.99–19.09 d) compared with the BG sediment phase (T_1/2 = 31.08–33.32 d). Rizazole degradation was slightly faster in the West Lake water-sediment system (WL system) (T_1/2 = 17.11–18.05 d) than in the Beijing–Hangzhou Grand Canal water—sediment system (BG system) (T_1/2 = 20.51–25.02 d). The aerobic degradation of rizazole was similar to its anaerobic degradation in the water-sediment system. The findings are useful to understand the behavior of pesticide in environment.     

Pb and Cd binding to natural freshwater biofilms developed at different pH: the important role of culture pH

The effects of solution pH on adsorption of trace metals to different types of natural aquatic solid materials have been studied extensively, but few studies have been carried out to investigate the effect of pH at which the solid materials were formed on the adsorption. The purpose of present study is to examine this effect of culture pH on metal adsorption to natural freshwater biofilms. The adsorption of Pb and Cd to biofilms which were developed at different culture pH values (ranging from 6.5 to 9.0) was measured at the same adsorption pH value (6.5). The culture pH had considerable effects on both composition and metal adsorption ability of the biofilms. Higher culture pH usually promoted the accumulation of organic material and Fe oxides in the biofilms. The culture pH also affected the quantity and species of algae in the biofilms. The adsorption of Pb and Cd to the biofilms generally increased with the increase of culture pH. This increase was minor at lower pH range and significant at higher pH range and was more remarkable for Cd adsorption than for Pb adsorption. The notable contribution of organic material to the adsorption at higher culture pH values was also observed. The profound impacts of culture pH on adsorption behavior of biofilms mainly resulted from the variation of total contents of the biofilm components and were also affected by the alteration of composition and properties of the components.     

Differential Effects of Legume Species on the Recovery of Soil Microbial Communities, and Carbon and Nitrogen Contents, in Abandoned Fields of the Loess Plateau, China

Plant–soil interactions are known to influence a wide range of ecosystem-level functions. Moreover, the recovery of these functions is of importance for the successful restoration of soils that have been degraded through intensive and/or inappropriate land use. Here, we assessed the effect of planting treatments commonly used to accelerate rates of grassland restoration, namely introduction of different legume species Medicago sativa, Astragalus adsurgens, Melilotus suaveolens, on the recovery of soil microbial communities and carbon and nitrogen contents in abandoned fields of the Loess Plateau, China. The results showed effects were species-specific, and either positive, neutral or negative depending on the measure and time-scale. All legumes increased basal respiration and metabolic quotient and had a positive effect on activity and functional diversity of the soil microbial community, measured using Biolog EcoPlate. However, soil under Astragalus adsurgens had the highest activity and functional diversity relative to the other treatments. Soil carbon and nitrogen content and microbial biomass were effectively restored in 3–5?years by introducing Medicago sativa and Astragalus adsurgens into early abandoned fields. Soil carbon and nitrogen content were retarded in 3–5?years and microbial biomass was retarded in the fifth year by introducing Melilotus suaveolens. Overall, the restoration practices of planting legumes can significantly affect soil carbon and nitrogen contents, and the biomass, activity, and functional diversity of soil microbial community. Therefore, we propose certain legume species could be used to accelerate ecological restoration of degraded soils, hence assist in the protection and preservation of the environment.     

辐射安全联锁系统的探索与实践

针对工业和医用放射性同位素与射线装置发生放射性污染的安全隐患,采用PLC控制技术,设计一套联锁系统,有效地保护操作人员和公众,避免因为人为失误或设备故障造成放射性污染事故。     

环境监测信息网络建设思路的探讨

介绍了环境监测信息网络的组成、作用于流通范围,提出了环境监测信息的构架、环境数据库的设计原则、环境监测应用软件的开发思路,以及环境监测信息网络的管理与维护措施。     

装备故障模式影响实际分析

在明确FMEA分析方法意义的基础上,本文对某装备进行故障模式及影响分析,并得出相应结论,以有助于该装备的研制与使用。     

高职教育考试方法改革的探索与实践

根据高职教育教学的要求和课程特点,尤其是为适应培养应用型人才的教学模式,打破“高分低能”的现象,充分发挥考试在高职教育中的指导性作用,本文以食品质量与安全专业的课程为例,对考试考核方法的改革进行了探索与实践。高职教育的考试应突出应用能力考核,加强实践技能检验,坚持在实践中学习、在实践中考核,全面推行操作技能考核,施行“考教分离”,考试形式多样化的原则。