高校教师参与清洁生产审核特点评述

清洁生产是环保工作中一项新的思雏模式。清洁生产审核是实施清洁生产的一项有力措施。作者结合近几年在晶体管企业开展清洁生产审棱的经验,对高校教师在清洁生产审核中遇到的一些问题提出了自己的见解。晶体管生产工艺存在环境污染问题主要有：投产运行几十年,处于超期服役的裳置;硅片清洗流程,不仅耗能耗水,而且有大量的悬浮颗粒排出,带来环境压力,同时造成物料的损失,且在清洗中要使用氢氟酸、氟化铵等,度液中含有氟离子,污水处理难度大。本文旨在通过在晶体管企业开展清洁生产审核的经验,说明在晶体管生产中开展清洁生产审棱的意义和特点,并由此体现高校教师在清洁生产审核中的积极作用。     

机动车燃油中有机污染物分析与评价研究

通过使用气相色谱质谱仪（GC／MS）和SIM／SCAN同时扫描的方式对比分析了机动车使用的汽油和柴油的主要成分及主要有机污染物的组成种类及比例。研究结果表明,机动车燃油中检测出多种挥发性和半挥发性有机污染物,这些污染物中多为中国优先控制的空气有害物质;汽油中含有较多的苯系物类和多环芳烃类有机污染物,柴油中主要含有烷烃类和多环芳烃类有机污染物。     

Biosorption of Cr(III) from aqueous solution by freeze-dried activated sludge: Equilibrium, kinetic and thermodynamic studies

Batch biosorption experiments were conducted to remove Cr(III) from aqueous solutions using activated sludge from a sewage treatment plant. An investigation was conducted on the effects of the initial pH, contact time, temperature, and initial Cr(III) concentration in the biosorption process. The results revealed that the activated sludge exhibited the highest Cr(III) uptake capacity (120 mg·g⁻¹) at 45°C, initial pH of 4, and initial Cr(III) concentration of 100 mg·L⁻¹. The biosorption results obtained at various temperatures showed that the biosorption pattern accurately followed the Langmuir model. The calculated thermodynamic parameters, ΔGo° ( − 0.8–4.58 kJ·mol⁻¹), ΔH° (15.6–44.4 kJ·mol⁻¹), and ΔS° (0.06–0.15 kJ·mol⁻¹·K⁻¹) clearly indicated that the biosorption process was feasible, spontaneous, endothermic, and physical. The pseudo first-order and second-order kinetic models were adopted to describe the experimental data, which revealed that the Cr(III) biosorption process conformed to the second-order rate expression and the biosorption rate constants decreased with increasing Cr (III) concentration. The analysis of the values of biosorption activation energy (E _a = −7 kJ·mol⁻¹) and the intraparticle diffusion model demonstrated that Cr(III) biosorption was film-diffusion-controlled.     

生物除锰滤柱影响因素试验研究

生物除锰滤柱培养成熟后,通过改变试验用水pH值、进水浓度、亚铁离子等影响因素,得出以下结论（1）在铁锰细菌适宜的pH范围内,其对锰的氧化效率也随着pH的升高而提高。（2）在本实验条件下,进水锰浓度最高可以提高到3mg／L.（3）Fe^2＋对生物过滤除锰有明显的影响,在进水中不舍Fe^2＋的情况下,生物滤柱出水锰很快就会超标。     

施工现场建筑废弃物减量化管理及效果的实证分析

从现场管理角度出发,以调动项目管理者的积极性为落脚点,探讨了影响建筑废弃物减量化效果的管理方法.基于行业调查,识别现有施工现场建筑废弃物减量化的管理方法.运用因子分析法,按照评价指标体系提取人员管理、物流管理、现场分类与回收利用以及合同管理4个建筑废弃物减量化管理主因子,并在此基础上进行Logistic回归分析.结果表明:4个主因子对施工现场建筑废弃物减量化管理皆有显著影响.此外,建立废弃物管理绩效考核机制、制定建筑废弃物控制计划、重复使用现场可回收材料、组织减量化知识技能培训以及制定采购计划5个措施能够有效调动工作人员的减排积极性.为提升国内施工现场建筑废弃物减量化管理效果提出具体措施与建议,为项目利益相关方进行现场管理方法的优选提供理论依据与支持.     

西安市冬季大气颗粒物中多环芳烃的分布特征

对西安市不同功能区大气颗粒物中13种优控多环芳烃(PAHs)的研究表明,西安市冬季大气颗粒物中PAHs污染严重,各采样点13种PAHs总浓度(∑PAHs)为121.61～302.25 ng/m3,平均浓度为188.44 ng/m3,其中强致癌的苯并[a]芘(BaP)平均浓度为12.63 ng/m3;不同功能区大气颗粒物中PAHs和BaP的浓度分布存在明显差异,∑PAHs浓度依次为:交通繁忙区＞学生公寓(燃煤排放明显)＞农业开发区＞高新产业开发区＞商业区＞校园,BaP浓度:交通稠密区＞农业开发区＞环工学院(学校教师的停车场)＞商业区＞学生公寓＞高新产业开发区;不同功能区大气颗粒物中,中高环PAHs含量占优势,不同环数PAHs占总量的比例顺序为4环(38.64%)＞5环(25.17%)＞6环(18.83%)＞3环(10.25%).     

长江防护林——樟树林对降雨再分配的影响

林冠对降雨的再分配,是森林生态学和森林水文学研究的一个重要方面,其影响降雨从林冠到土壤的转移以及水土流失的变化,具有突出的生态水文意义。通过对樟树林下穿透雨和树干流的定位监测,旨在揭示林冠水文效应的变化规律,结果表明：林冠对降雨的再分配功能受到降雨量的影响,穿透雨、树干流和截留量与降雨量呈显著的正相关(〖WTBX〗P〖WTBZ〗<005);穿透雨率随着降雨量增加而增加,而截留率随降雨量增加而减小,并且两者在高的雨量下逐渐趋于稳定,但是树干流率随着降雨量增加先升高后降低。同时,降雨强度也影响林冠的水文效应,随着降雨强度的增加,穿透雨率升高,截留率下降。在整个测定期间,樟树林穿透雨率为685%,截留率为292%,而树干流率为23%。在不同雨量和雨强级间,樟树林冠对降雨再分配存在着差异,而且林内雨的组成比例（〖WTBX〗SF／TF〖WTBZ〗）也受到降雨量和降雨强度的影响。樟树林下水分输入存在明显的空间异质性,穿透雨率在不同位置间具有显著性的差异,而且穿透雨的空间变化率,即穿透雨率的变异系数（CV）随着降雨量或降雨强度的增加而减少。     

Photoproducts of tetracycline and oxytetracycline involving self-sensitized oxidation in aqueous solutions: Effects of Ca2+ and Mg2+

Tetracyclines constitute one of the most important antibiotic families and represent a classic example of phototoxicity. The photoproducts of tetracyclines and their parent compounds have potentially adverse effects on natural ecosystem. In this study, the self-sensitized oxidation products of tetracycline (TC) and oxytetracycline (OTC) were determined and the effects of Ca²⁺ and Mg²⁺on self-sensitized degradation were investigated. The Ca²⁺ and Mg²⁺ in the natural water sample accounted for enhancement (pH 7.3) and inhibition (pH 9.0) of photodegradation of TC and OTC due to the formation of metal-ions complexes. The formation of Mg²⁺ complexes was unfavorable for the photodegradation of the tetracyclines at both pH values. In contrast, the Ca²⁺ complexes facilitated the attack of singlet oxygen (¹O₂) arising from self-sensitization at pH 7.3 and enhanced TC photodegradation. For the first time, self-sensitized oxidation products of TC and OTC were verified by quenching experiments and detected by LC/ESI-DAD-MS. The products had a nominal mass 14 Da higher than the parent drugs (designated M+14), which resulted from the ¹O₂ attack of the dimethylamino group on the C-4 atom of the tetracyclines. The presence of Ca²⁺ and Mg²⁺ also affected the generation of M+14 due to the formation of metal-ions complexes with TC and OTC. The findings suggest that the metal-ion complexation has significant impact on the self-sensitized oxidation processes and the photoproducts of tetracyclines.     

钙基CO2吸收剂的锆改性研究

实验采用共沉淀法以Ca(Ac)2·H2O作为CaO前驱体,经NH3·H2O沉淀、静置、醇洗、烘干制备锆改性钙基高温二氧化碳吸收剂,并考察锆添加量、反应温度及时间、CO2分压等因素列其吸收性能的影响.经锆改性后,吸收剂中掺杂ZrO2形成了良好的介孔结构,可维持较高的碳酸化转化率,提高吸收剂的循环热稳定性.测试结果表明,当...     

生态浮床与人工湿地净水效果比较小试研究

生态浮床和人工湿地都是近年来在国内外采用的用于净化水质的生态修复的方法,该文章主要研究了静态条件以及不同水力负荷下,种植黄菖蒲的生态浮床与人工湿地的净水效果.试验期间进水高锰酸盐指数、TN、TP、NH<,4><'+>-N平均质量浓度分别为4.74 mg/L、2.92mg/L、0.26 mgL、1.77 mg/L.结果表...