硝基芳香化合物的微生物降解研究进展

硝基芳香化合物是环境中难降解有机污染物之一,由于其用途广泛,对环境的污染日趋严重,利用生物降解硝基芳香化合物是行之有效的方法。文章针对硝基芳香化合物生物降解过程,汇总了用于降解的微生物资源,并对硝基芳香化合物生物代谢途径、降解过程中的主要酶、降解性质粒、基因定位等分子遗传学的研究进展进行了综述。     

Effects of advanced oxidation pretreatment on residual aluminum control in high humic acid water purification

Due to the formation of disinfection by-products and high concentrations of Al residue in drinking water purification, humic substances are a major component of organic matter in natural waters and have therefore received a great deal of attention in recent years. We investigated the effects of advanced oxidation pretreatment methods usually applied for removing dissolved organic matters on residual Al control. Results showed that the presence of humic acid increased residual Al concentration notably. With 15 mg/L of humic acid in raw water, the concentrations of soluble aluminum and total aluminum in the treated water were close to the quantity of Al addition. After increasing coagulant dosage from 12 to 120 mg/L, the total-Al in the treated water was controlled to below 0.2 mg/L. Purification systems with ozonation, chlorination, or potassium permanganate oxidation pretreatment units had little effects on residual Al control; while UV radiation decreased Al concentration notably. Combined with ozonation, the effects of UV radiation were enhanced. Optimal dosages were 0.5 mg O3/mg C and 3 hr for raw water with 15 mg/L of humic acid. Under UV light radiation, the combined forces or bonds that existed among humic acid molecules were destroyed; adsorption sites increased positively with radiation time, which promoted adsorption of humic acid onto polymeric aluminum and Al(OH)3(s). This work provides a new solution for humic acid coagulation and residual Al control for raw water with humic acid purification.     

基于多项植被指数的景观生态类型遥感解译与分类——以额济纳天然绿洲景观为例

基于研究区2001年Landsat7ETM+遥感影像数据,运用遥感与GIS技术手段,在对遥感影像的边界裁定、几何校正、辐射校正等预处理的基础之上,根据绿洲景观生态类型分类体系,通过综合应用非监督分类、植被指数与波段比值指数聚类、监督分类以及类型叠加与图像整合等方法,进行绿洲景观生态类型的遥感解译与分类,生成研究区2001年的景观生态类型图。为尽可能利用到遥感影像的所有原始数据信息,论文选取5种植被指数(NDV I、DV I、RV I、IPV I、SA VI)和9种波段比值指数(Index1I-ndex9)参与到遥感影像的解译与分类当中,结果表明:NDV I、DV I、IPV I、SAV I、R VI、Index5、Index6具有较大的相似性,能够明显地将具有植被信息的类别分离出来,利于划分具有植被信息的景观类型;Index1-Index4具有较好的类别空间分离性,利于不同类别间的聚类与区分;而Index7-Index9的类别分离性则较差,不利于类别聚类与划分。因此,在实际的应用中,选取多项植被指数参与景观分类,不仅能够发现新的信息,而且也会明显提高景观生态类型、尤其是干旱区绿洲景观生态类型的遥感解译与分类能力。     

上海不同强度干霾期间气溶胶垂直分布特征

利用美国宇航局(NASA)的CALIPSO星载激光雷达资料,通过分析后向散射系数、体积退偏比和色比等参量揭示了上海地区发生不同强度干霾时气溶胶的垂直分布特征,并结合地面气溶胶观测进行了分析.结果表明,发生干霾时,低层大气(2km以下)污染最严重,气溶胶的后向散射系数主要集中在0.0015~0.0035km-1×sr-1,体积退偏比集中在0~15%,色比集中在0.2~0.8;2~10km高度内,散射系数相对较小,其中2~8km的值主要集中在0.0008~0.0025 km-1×sr-1,8~10km的值则主要集中0.0008~0.0015 km-1×sr-1,气溶胶体积退偏比和色比在2~4km、4~6km、6~8km和8~10km各高度内分别集中在0~20%和0~0.6.在0~10km高度内,相对于轻微干霾和轻度干霾,中度干霾时气溶胶的散射能力和不规则性最强,粒径也最大.     

纤维类废弃物的热化学催化液化试验研究

对纤维类废弃物热化学催化液化反应各反应物的用量比例、反应条件进行优化,并初步测定了最优条件下液化产物的组分.结果表明,纤维类废弃物在浓硫酸/苯酚(浓硫酸的质量分数为6%)的混合催化体系中,当温度为160℃,时间为70min时的液化效果最好.气相色谱-质谱联用仪和红外光谱仪的分析结果表明,液化产物中甲基和亚甲基等基团的振动加强,以及存在麦草纤维素的单体葡萄糖的衍生物,液化反应破坏了纤维类废弃物的晶格结构,从而打破了生物利用的禁锢,使其易被微生物降解.利用液化产物进行混合菌株发酵培养,其真蛋白含量可达到30.74%;其酒精含量可达到19.0%(V/V).     

Vertical distributions of wintertime atmospheric nitrogenous compounds and the corresponding OH radicals production in Leshan, southwest China

Ground-based multi-axis differential optical absorption spectroscopy (MAX-DOAS) observations were operated from 02 to 21 December 2018 in Leshan, southwest China, to measure HONO, NO₂ and aerosol extinction vertical distributions, and these were the first MAX-DOAS measurement results in Sichuan Basin. During the measurement period, characteristic ranges for surface concentration were found to be 0.26–4.58 km^?1 and averaged at 0.93 km^?1 for aerosol extinction, 0.49 to 35.2 ppb and averaged at 4.57 ppb for NO₂ and 0.03 to 7.38 ppb and averaged at 1.05 ppb for HONO. Moreover, vertical profiles of aerosol, NO₂ and HONO were retrieved from MAX-DOAS measurements using the Heidelberg Profile (HEIPRO) algorithm. By analysing the vertical gradients of pollutants and meteorological information, we found that aerosol and HONO are strongly localised, while NO₂ is mainly transmitted from the north direction (city center direction). Nitrogen oxides such as HONO and NO₂ are important for the production of hydroxyl radical (OH) and oxidative capacity in the troposphere. In this study, the averaged value of OH production rate from HONO is about 0.63 ppb/hr and maximum value of ratio between OH production from HONO and from (HONO+O₃) is > 93% before12:00 in Leshan. In addition, combustion emission contributes to 26% for the source of HONO in Leshan, and we found that more NO₂ being converted to HONO under the conditions with high aerosol extinction coefficient and high relative humidity is also a dominant factor for the secondary produce of HONO.     

铊在河流沉积物上的吸附解吸行为研究

水体环境条件的改变直接影响铊在水体沉积物的吸附解吸行为,进而影响到铊在水环境中的迁移、转化途径.本实验采用北京市凉水河(L8)及其沿岸的藕田(L6)沉积物作为研究对象,研究了Tl(Ⅰ)在沉积物上的吸附特征及pH对其吸附过程的影响,并考察了以沉积物浸出液和背景电解质作为解吸体系时,Tl(Ⅰ)自沉积物上解吸的变化情况.研究结果表明:①两种沉积物对铊的吸附速度较快,初始的5 min内,沉积物对铊的吸附量达到最大吸附量的90％ (L6)和80％(L8)以上,12h基本达到吸附平衡.②沉积物L6和L8对Tl(I)吸附量均随着初始浓度的升高而增大,但是L6的吸附量明显高于L8.两种沉积物对铊的吸附等温线用Freundlich方程和Langmuir方程拟合均得到较好的拟合结果,在分析吸附解吸机理时,Langmuir方程更能说明其物理化学意义.③pH对铊在沉积物上的吸附影响较大,随着体系pH的增大,吸附量逐渐增大.④沉积物浸出液的高效体积排阻色谱和三维荧光表征结果表明沉积物浸出液中主要以类蛋白和腐殖酸类物质为主,荧光强度集中在1100 ～1550之间.用沉积物浸出液代替背景电解质作为解吸体系时,解吸量增加了2.232 mg·kg-1(L6)和1.494 mg·kg-1(L8)(C0 =0.33 mg·L-1),铊更易从沉积物浸出液的环境下解吸下来,进入水体.     

Photochemical surface modification of poly(arylsulfone) ultrafiltration membrane and covalent immobilization of enzyme

The sensitivity of poly(arylsulfone)(PSf) for UV irradiation in different solvents(water and ethanol) was investigated. It is confirmed that acrylic acid(AA) and acrylamide(AAm) are grafted only onto the surface of the membrane instead of the interior by FTIR and scanning electron microscope(SEM). The membrane performance (ΔJ/J0 and contact angle θ) after photografting was studied. In the range of conditions used, the grafting yield increases with irradiation time and monomer concentration growing. After photografting and N-3-dimethylaminopropyl-N‘-ethycarbodiimide hydrochloride(EDC) activation, PSf membrane was immobilized with hydrogen peroxide oxidoreductase, and showed a higher activity than the control membrane.     

安徽省沿淮地区梅雨特征及其时空分布分析

论文在探索安徽沿淮地区梅雨期(包括入梅期、出梅期和梅雨长度)、梅雨量和梅雨强度(包括梅期平均日雨量、雨量梅年比、梅期暴雨日数和梅雨强度指数)特征的基础上,着重分析了安徽沿淮地区梅雨期、梅雨量和梅雨强度的年际变化以及安徽沿淮一带11站梅期雨量和雨强地域分布的差异性。结果发现:①安徽沿淮地区多年平均梅雨期为24d(6月16日入梅, 7月10日出梅),梅雨量为221.9mm,梅期日雨量为8.6mm,雨量梅年比为22.3%,暴雨日数为1.3d,梅雨强度指数为4.0;②沿淮历年梅雨特征量均呈明显的波动趋势;③沿淮梅期雨量和雨强年际变化的平均波动周期约为9年,但随年代推移具有振幅减小和频率加快的特点;④安徽沿淮自西向东各站梅期雨量和雨强均呈"升-降-升"S型分布趋势。这些发现对于沿淮各地气候研究和天气预报具有重要的参考价值。     

振动压路机地面振动对环境的影响

依据振动压路机施工中产生的地面振动实验数据，统计得出了一种常用型号振动压路机的地面振动加速度衰减关系；据此计算出了该型号振动压路机施工中产生的不同距离处的地面振动垂直向加速度和铅垂向Z振级。分析了振动压路机振动衰减的决定因素；评价了振动压路机施工振动对人类居住生活环境的影响范围和影响程度，提出了避免或减轻振动压路机造成的环境振动污染的措施。