不同主体功能定位的县域空间功能区划研究

文章通过判别分析法,尝试构建一套针对不同主体功能定位县通用的指标体系,以反映社会经济发展状况、生态环境保护重要性、国土空间开发支撑条件。通过在广西10个不同主体功能定位县的实践应用,将县域空间划分为城镇空间、农业空间和生态空间,重点开发区、农产品主产区、重点生态功能区的城镇空间分别小于30%、20%和10%,农产品主产区的农业空间和重点生态功能区的生态空间均大于50%。研究成果为全省范围推广县域空间功能区划提供了科学依据。     

人工快渗一体化设备在农村污水处理中的应用

针对农村污水的特点,结合湖北十堰地区农村污水处理工程案例,分析了以人工快渗技术为核心的一体化设备在实际应用中的运行效果和工艺优势。经过实际运行监测,工程处理出水主要水质指标可达到GB 18918—2002《城镇污水处理厂污染物排放标准》一级A排放标准,并且该工艺设备具有运行成本低、抗冲击负荷能力强、运行管理方便等优点,可有效地解决目前农村地区由于资金、技术、人才等因素限制造成的污水处理能力低和管理水平低的问题,是一种适合我国农村地区污水处理的工艺设备。     

不同污水处理工艺N_2O减排方法研究进展

污水处理过程中产生强温室气体N_2O的问题已经受到广泛关注,如何在保证处理效率的同时实现N_2O有效减排成为水处理领域面临的重要问题。综述了传统生物脱氮除磷工艺和同步硝化反硝化、反硝化除磷、厌氧氨氧化等新型污水处理工艺运行过程中N_2O的产生机理、减排方法和减排量,为相关领域的研究人员提供参考。     

Effect of barium sulfate modification on the SO2 tolerance of V2O5 /TiO2 catalyst for NH3-SCR reaction

Sulfur poisoning of V_2O_5/BaSO_4–TiO_2(VBT),V_2O_5/WO_3–TiO_2(VWT) and V_2O_5/BaSO_4–WO_3–TiO_2(VBWT) catalysts was performed in wet air at 350℃ for 3 hr,and activities for the selective catalytic reduction of NO_x with NH_3 were evaluated for 200–500℃.The VBT catalyst showed higher NO_x conversions after sulfur poisoning than the other two catalysts.The introduction of barium sulfate contributed to strong acid sites for the as-received catalyst,and eliminated the redox cycle of active vanadium oxide to some extent,which resulted in a certain loss of activity.Readily decomposable sulfate species formed on VBT-S instead of inactive sulfates on VWT-S.These decomposable sulfates increased the number of strong acid sites significantly.Some sulfate species escaped during catalyst preparation and barium sulfate was reproduced during sulfur poisoning,which protects vanadia from sulfur oxide attachment to a great extent.Consequently,the VBT catalyst exhibited the best resistance to sulfur poisoning.     

Mesoporous carbon nanomaterials induced pulmonary surfactant inhibition, cytotoxicity, inflammation and lung fibrosis

Environmental exposure and health risk upon engineered nanomaterials are increasingly concerned. The family of mesoporous carbon nanomaterials(MCNs) is a rising star in nanotechnology for multidisciplinary research with versatile applications in electronics,energy and gas storage, and biomedicine. Meanwhile, there is mounting concern on their environmental health risks due to the growing production and usage of MCNs. The lung is the primary site for particle invasion under environmental exposure to nanomaterials. Here, we studied the comprehensive toxicological profile of MCNs in the lung under the scenario of moderate environmental exposure. It was found that at a low concentration of 10 μg/mL MCNs induced biophysical inhibition of natural pulmonary surfactant. Moreover, MCNs at similar concentrations reduced viability of J774 A.1 macrophages and lung epithelial A549 cells.Incubating with nature pulmonary surfactant effectively reduced the cytotoxicity of MCNs.Regarding the pro-inflammatory responses, MCNs activated macrophages in vitro, and stimulated lung inflammation in mice after inhalation exposure, associated with lung fibrosis.Moreover, we found that the size of MCNs played a significant role in regulating cytotoxicity and pro-inflammatory potential of this nanomaterial. In general, larger MCNs induced more pronounced cytotoxic and pro-inflammatory effects than their smaller counterparts. Our results provided valuable information on the toxicological profile and environmental health risks of MCNs, and suggested that fine-tuning the size of MCNs could be a practical precautionary design strategy to increase safety and biocompatibility of this nanomaterial.     

Influence of coagulation mechanisms and floc formation on filterability

Minimizing particles in water is a key goal for improving drinking water quality and safety.The media filtration process,as the last step of the solid–liquid separation process,is largely influenced by the characteristics of flocs,which are formed and controlled within the coagulation process.In a laboratory-based study,the impacts of the physical characteristics of flocs formed using aluminum sulfate on the filtration treatment of two comparative water samples were investigated using a photometric dispersion analyzer and a filterability apparatus.In general,the optimum dosage for maximizing filterability was higher than that for minimizing turbidity under neutral p H conditions.For a monomeric aluminum-based coagulant,the charge neutralization mechanism produced better floc characteristics,including floc growth speed and size,than the sweep flocculation mechanism.In addition,the charge neutralization mechanism showed better performance compared to sweep flocculation in terms of DOC removal and floc filterability improvement for both waters,and showed superiority in turbidity removal only when the raw water had high turbidity.For the different mechanisms,the ways that floc characteristics impacted on floc filterability also differed.The low variation in floc size distribution obtained under the charge neutralization mechanism resulted in the flocs being amenable to removal by filtration processes.For the sweep flocculation mechanism,increasing the floc size improved the settling ability of flocs,resulting in higher filter efficiency.     

凹凸棒黏土对水体和底泥中Cr (Ⅵ)的吸附

为考察凹凸棒黏土对水体和底泥中Cr（Ⅵ）污染治理与修复效果,通过实验室模拟试验,运用Langmuir和Frundlich等温吸附模型及准一级和准二级动力学模型,研究了天然凹凸棒黏土对水体中Cr（Ⅵ）的吸附特性,并研究了pH对吸附过程的影响及凹凸棒黏土对底泥中Cr（Ⅵ）金属形态的影响,通过XRF（X-射线荧光光谱仪）和SEM（扫描电镜）确定凹凸棒黏土的化学组成和微观形貌结构.结果表明:天然凹凸棒黏土内部呈纤维状且多孔隙,成分中含有铁、铝、钙等元素,吸附后的材料中发现了Cr元素;Langmuir-Frundlich吸附等温模型（R2=0.996）和准一级动力学模型（R2=0.993）较好地拟合了凹凸棒黏土对Cr（Ⅵ）的吸附热力学与动力学过程,动力学模拟的Cr（Ⅳ）平衡吸附量及实测值分别为1.38和1.37 mg/g.溶液pH对Cr（Ⅵ）的吸附具有影响,其最佳pH为3,此时吸附率最高,为85.80%.研究显示,向底泥中添加凹凸棒黏土能促使Cr形态由不稳定态（酸溶态和铁铝还原态之和）向稳定态（可氧化态和残渣态之和）转化,从而达到修复底泥中Cr（Ⅵ）污染的目的.      

小型城市污水排放量预测模型研究——以楚雄市为例

针对小城市污水排放量历史数据较少,城市发展变化较大的特点,以楚雄市为例,提出了基于污水排放来源以及生成机理的预测方法。根据历史人口增长趋势以及城镇化率进行城区人口综合预测,运用定额法根据不同行业用水特点预测城市用水量,结合城市污水排放特点对楚雄市近期以及远期城市污水排放量进行科学合理的预测,并对预测结果进行了分析,可为城市发展规划提供决策参考。     

基于光学视频的冰区核电海面浮冰监测与分析系统设计

随着能源需求的不断扩大,大型核电工程已逐渐向有冰海域分布。海冰是有冰海域海洋活动的首要灾害性环境要素,冰区核电站正常运行的首要问题是如何保障冷源取水不受海冰灾害影响而失效。本文根据冰区海水直接利用工程的监测需求,分析了光学视频在特定小区域海面浮冰监测中的优势,并基于海冰灾害风险评估的理论框架和信息处理流程,初步设计了冰区核电海面浮冰监测与分析系统。系统建成后,结合实时监测数据和风险评估数据库,可以快速提供冷源取水堵塞风险和预警信息,为企业和有关部门及时有效的采取防灾措施提供依据。     

Impacts of climate variability and changes on domestic water use in the Yellow River Basin of China

We present a methodology for using a domestic water use time series that were obtained from Yellow River Conservancy Commission, together with the climatic records from the National Climate Center of China to evaluate the effects of climate variability on water use in the Yellow River Basin. A suit of seven Global Circulation Models (GCMs) were adopted to anticipate future climate patterns in the Yellow River. The historical records showed evidences of rises in temperature and subsequent rises in domestic water demand in the basin. For Upstream of Longyangxia region, the impact was the least, with only 0.0021?×?10⁸ m³ for a temperature increase of 1 °C; while for Longyangxia-Lanzhou region, domestic water use was found to increase to 0.18?×?10⁸ m³ when temperature increases 1 °C. Downstream of Huayuankou was the region with the most changes in temperature that gave the highest increase of 1.95?×?10⁸ m³ in domestic water demand for 1 °C of change of temperature. Downstream of Huayuankou was identified as the most vulnerable area, where domestic water demand increases nearly by 42.2 % with 1 °C increase of temperature. Judging from the trends of temperature range, we concluded that future temperature in Yellow River Basin has an increasing tendency. This could worsen the existing issues of domestic water demand and even more to trigger high competition among different water-using sectors.