基于河岸带地球化学特征的河水-地下水交互边界识别——以广州市流溪河为例

河水-地下水交互作用对河流水质净化、流域水生态健康和河岸土地合理规划具有重要意义.本文以广州市流溪河为研究对象,实时监测河水和河岸带地下水基本理化指标并采集水样和土样进行水体主离子、氮形态、金属离子浓度、氘(δD)氧(δ~(18)O)同位素和土壤渗透系数(K)测试分析.结果表明:监测期间以河水侧向补给地下水为主,对地下水水位的影响范围在距河岸10 m内;距河岸1 m处地下水溶解氧(DO)浓度、电导率(EC)和氧化还原电位(ORP)变化明显,变异系数(n=7)分别为30.9%、42.0%和44.4%.河水和河岸带地下水水化学类型均为HCO_3-Ca型,受碳酸盐岩风化控制.河水入渗补给地下水初期,河岸带含水层向还原环境转化(ORP平均下降92.25 mV),非饱和带Mn氧化物发生还原性溶解,地下水中Mn~(2+)浓度逐渐增加并达最大值(0.52 mg·L~(-1));基于δD、δ~(18)O和Cl~-浓度的混合模型估算的河水对距河岸5 m处地下水的贡献率分别为10.4%、11.6%和11.5%,表明监测断面河水-地下水交互边界约在距河岸5 m处.     

邻苯二甲酸二丁酯诱导小鼠神经行为学改变及相关生理生化指标分析

探究邻苯二甲酸二丁酯诱导小鼠神经行为学改变及与细胞外调节蛋白激酶(ERK1/2)通路相关蛋白的关联.雄性KM小鼠36只,随机分成4组:生理盐水组、50 mg·kg~(-1)·d~(-1) DBP组、50 mg·kg~(-1)·d~(-1)维生素E(VE)组、DBP+VE组,连续灌胃处理28 d,观察Morris水迷宫结果,检测小鼠脑海马组织的氧化应激(活性氧(ROS)荧光强度、还原型谷胱甘肽(GSH)与丙二醛(MDA)含量)、脑源性神经营养因子(BDNF)、磷酸化cAMP反应元件结合蛋白(p-CREB)、caspase-3水平,Western blot分析ERK1/2及其磷酸化(p-ERK1/2)水平;HE、Nissl染色及Hoechst 33258荧光染色分析脑组织CA1区病理学变化.结果表明,与对照组比较,50 mg·kg~(-1)·d~(-1) DBP组小鼠的学习记忆下降,氧化应激、p-ERK1/2、caspase-3水平上升,BDNF、p-CREB表达下降,差异均有统计学意义(p0.05,p0.01);海马组织CA1病理学损伤及凋亡程度增加.给予抗氧化剂VE处理后,DBP+VE组小鼠的学习记忆上升,氧化应激、p-ERK1/2、caspase-3水平降低,BDNF、p-CREB表达上升,差异均有统计学意义(p0.05);海马组织CA1病理学损伤及凋亡程度降低.由此推测,DBP暴露导致小鼠海马组织CA1病理学损伤、神经元凋亡程度增加、学习记忆下降、其神经行为学改变可以通过添加VE得到缓解,相关生理生化指标测试表明ERK系统应激氧化性损伤机制参与介导了毒理学过程.     

中国PM2.5序列惯性特征及政策含义

基于北京、成都、广州、上海、沈阳5大城市2009~2017年的小时PM_2.5质量浓度监测数据,利用AR模型、未知内生结构断点检验和TAR模型等方法实证分析了PM_2.5序列惯性特征、结构变化和放大效应.研究发现,5大城市PM_2.5序列惯性均较强,其中成都PM_2.5序列惯性最强,北京、上海和广州在2009~2017年之间发生了结构性变化.5大城市的PM_2.5序列存在明显的非线性,各大城市PM_2.5总体在低区制运行,而且惯性特征明显,但不存在明显的放大效应,这就意味着雾霾防治不需要考虑PM_2.5序列的放大效应,未来政策应当更加聚焦于低区制下PM_2.5序列惯性特征.     

基于Monte Carlo模拟的河流水质评价——以温瑞塘河为例

基于水质评价的综合污染指数（CWQI）法和水质指标实测含量的统计分析,应用Monte Carlo模拟方法,建立了河流水质评价的Monte Carlo-CWQI耦合模型并进行实例研究.通过建立的耦合模型和温瑞塘河流域14个监测断面2004~2010年的水质监测数据,定量分析各监测断面隶属于不同污染等级的概率水平和各水质指标对水体污染的影响程度.结果表明：温瑞塘河水系水质污染十分严重,勤奋、九山、东水厂、十字河、南白象、灰桥、新桥、米筛桥、仙门、光明、郭溪、瞿溪、西岙和梧田监测断面处于重度污染的概率分别为28.50%,0.55%,92.71%,59.73%,78.85%,39.38%,78.87%,83.09%,65.32%,78.08%,0.00%,0.96%,68.09%,86.06%;处于严重污染的概率分别为71.28%,0.01%,4.33%,39.76%,21.07%,60.59%,4.42%,12.41%,11.02%,21.24%,0.00%,0.02%,1.42%,13.12%.各监测断面总氮（TN）,氨氮（NH₃-N）和溶解氧（DO）的Spearman等级相关系数范围分别是0.41~0.76、0.25~0.63和0.14~0.66,是其他指标的2倍以上,表明影响该地区水质达标的主要因子是TN,NH₃-N和DO.本研究拓宽了河流水质评价的研究视角,能够为流域水环境管理提供丰富的决策依据.     

农村生活污水处理设施优先控制区域识别与监管策略

选取嘉兴市秀洲区和海宁市为研究对象,以乡镇区划为研究单元,采用综合源强估算法和GIS软件,对处理设施的氨氮（NH₃-N）、总磷（TP）、化学需氧量（COD）排放强度进行定量估算和空间分析.结果表明,秀洲区处理设施的NH₃-N和COD排放强度高于海宁市,而TP排放强度与海宁市差不多.秀洲区内,洪合镇各污染物的排放强度均最高;海宁市内,盐官镇NH₃-N排放强度最高,许村镇TP和COD排放强度最高.采用因子分析法和加权指数法计算排污权重,再结合生态敏感性评价和环境功能区划,筛选出运维和监管优先控制区.秀洲区内,洪合镇、王江泾镇、油车港镇被划分为优先控制区,该优先控制区内处理设施数量占比27.87%,排污权重占比72.42%,通过重点监管17.66%的设施,可监管秀洲区59.98%的污染物排放.海宁市内,长安镇、许村镇、海洲街道、盐官镇、袁花镇被划分为优先控制区,该优先控制区内设施数量占比69.10%,排污权重占比71.23%,通过重点监管16.85%的设施,可监管海宁市43.54%的污染物排放.研究结果可为提高设施的运维监管效率提供技术支撑.     

Enhanced nitrate reduction in water by a combined bio-electrochemical system of microbial fuel cells and submerged aquatic plant Ceratophyllum demersum

High nitrate(NO_3~-)loading in water bodies is a crucial factor inducing the eutrophication of lakes.We tried to enhance NO_3~-reduction in overlying water by coupling sediment microbial fuel cells(SMFCs)with submerged aquatic plant Ceratophyllum demersum.A comparative study was conducted by setting four treatments:open-circuit SMFC(Control),closed-circuit SMFC(SMFC-c),open-circuit SMFC with C.demersum(Plant),and closed-circuit SMFC with C.demersum(P-SMFC-c).The electrochemical parameters were documented to illustrate the bio-electrochemical characteristics of SMFC-c and P-SMFC-c.Removal pathways of NO_3~- in different treatments were studied by adding quantitative~(15)NO_3~- to water column.The results showed that the cathodic reaction in SMFC-c was mainly catalyzed by aerobic organisms attached on the cathode,including algae,Pseudomonas,Bacillus,and Albidiferax.The oxygen secreted by plants significantly improved the power generation of SMFC-c.Both electrogenesis and plants enhanced the complete removal of NO_3~- from the sediment–water system.The complete removal rates of added~(15)N increased by 17.6% and 10.2% for SMFC-c and plant,respectively,when compared with control at the end of experiment.The electrochemical/heterotrophic and aerobic denitrification on cathodes mainly drove the higher reduction of NO_3~- in SMFC-c and plant,respectively.The coexistence of electrogenesis and plants further increased the complete removal of NO_3~- with a rate of 23.1%.The heterotrophic and aerobic denitrifications were simultaneously promoted with a highest abundance of Flavobacterium,Bacillus,Geobacter,Pseudomonas,Rhodobacter,and Arenimonas on the cathode.     

Morphology, composition, and sources of individual aerosol particles at a regional background site of the YRD, China

Aerosol samples were collected at Lin'an, a background site of Yangtze River Delta(YRD).Morphology, size, composition, and mixing state of individual aerosol particles were characterized by transmission electron microscopy(TEM) coupled with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy(EDS), and the soluble ions of PM_(1.0) were studied by aerosol mass spectrometer(AMS). The daily average AMS mass concentrations of sulfate, nitrate, and ammonium were about 5.8, 8.6, and 5.6 μg/m~3, respectively. Individual aerosol particles were classified into seven types: S-rich, K-rich, organic matter(OM), soot, fly ash, metal, and mineral. S-rich particles were dominant in all size bins, and 51%(by number) of S-rich particles were internally mixed with other particles. The fraction of organic coating particles was 13.7% in morning, 25.2% in afternoon, and 11% in evening, suggesting that the strong photochemical process during afternoon produced more secondary organic aerosols(SOA) on the surface of inorganic particles. Fly ash and metal particles were abundant during the day, suggesting the influence of emissions from coal-fired power plants and steel plants. The results indicate that the intense industrial emissions in the YRD significantly transported to the background areas. PM_(2.5) concentration may be lower in background air than in urban air but complex mixing state of aerosol particles indicates that the long-range transported particles substantially influenced the background air quality.     

2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin promotes migration ability of primary cultured rat astrocytes via aryl hydrocarbon receptor

Emerging evidence showed that 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) could induce expression of certain reactivation-associated genes in astrocytes, however, the consequent cellular effects and molecular mechanisms are still unclear. During the process of astrocyte reactivation, migration is a critical cellular event. In the present study, we employed wound-healing assay and Transwell® motility assay to explore the effects of TCDD on cell migration in primary cultured rat cortical astrocytes. We found that upon TCDD treatments at relative low concentrations (10^? 10 and/or 10^? 9?mol/L), the ability of primary astrocytes to migrate horizontally and vertically was promoted. In line with this cellular effect, the mRNA expression of two pro-migratory genes, including cell division cycle 42 (CDC42) and matrix metalloproteinase 2 (MMP2) was induced by TCDD treatment. Dioxin exerts its toxic effects mainly through aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) pathway. So the role of AhR pathway in the pro-migratory effects of TCDD was examined using an AhR antagonist, CH223191. We found that application of CH223191 significantly reversed the pro-migratory effects of TCDD. Interestingly, the basal ability of horizontal migration as well as basal levels of CDC42 and MMP2 expression were dramatically reduced suggesting a possible physiological role of AhR in maintaining the endogenous migration ability of the primary astrocytes. These findings support the notion that dioxin promotes astrocyte reactivation at molecular and cellular levels.     

Air pollution characteristics and their relationship with emissions and meteorology in the Yangtze River Delta region during 2014–2016

With rapid economic growth and urbanization, the Yangtze River Delta(YRD) region in China has experienced serious air pollution challenges. In this study, we analyzed the air pollution characteristics and their relationship with emissions and meteorology in the YRD region during 2014–2016. In recent years, the concentrations of all air pollutants, except O_3,decreased. Spatially, the PM_(2.5), PM_(10), SO_2, and CO concentrations were higher in the northern YRD region, and NO_2 and O_3 were higher in the central YRD region. Based on the number of non-attainment days(i.e., days with air quality index greater than 100), PM_(2.5) was the largest contributor to air pollution in the YRD region, followed by O_3, PM_(10), and NO_2.However, particulate matter pollution has declined gradually, while O_3 pollution worsened.Meteorological conditions mainly influenced day-to-day variations in pollutant concentrations. PM_(2.5) concentration was inversely related to wind speed, while O_3 concentration was positively correlated with temperature and negatively correlated with relative humidity.The air quality improvement in recent years was mainly attributed to emission reductions.During 2014–2016, PM_(2.5), PM_(10), SO_2, NO_x, CO, NH_3, and volatile organic compound(VOC)emissions in the YRD region were reduced by 26.3%, 29.2%, 32.4%, 8.1%, 15.9%, 4.5%, and0.3%, respectively. Regional transport also contributed to the air pollution. During regional haze periods, pollutants from North China and East China aggravated the pollution in the YRD region. Our findings suggest that emission reduction and regional joint prevention and control helped to improve the air quality in the YRD region.     

基于我国人群胃肠消化特征的土壤中As的人体可给性研究

基于我国人群胃肠消化特征,采用医学配方模拟胃肠消化方法测试了来自大连、湖南和广西的13个受重金属污染土壤中As的人体可给性,分析了土壤理化参数与可给性的相关关系及提取液中酶、胃肠液pH值、提取时间对As的人体可给性的影响.结果表明,医学配方可给性测试中,供试土样在胃、肠阶段As的人体可给性分别为5.03%~44.54%和10.77%~51.46%,平均值为18.08%、29.32%.胃阶段As的可给性浓度与土壤中总As含量w（TAs）、总P含量w（TP）极显著正相关,与总Al含量w（TAl）、土壤pH值、总有机质含量w（TOM）显著相关;肠阶段As的可给性浓度与土壤中w（TAs）、胃阶段As的可给性浓度、w（TP）极显著相关,与土壤pH值、w（TAl）和w（TOM）显著相关.胃阶段提取液中的胃蛋白酶显著降低了As的可给性,而肠阶段添加胰蛋白酶As的可给性没有明显变化.胃、肠阶段分别在pH值为0.9和5.0时可给性最大,0.9和5.0可分别作为土壤As在可给性测试过程中模拟胃肠液的pH值.胃、肠阶段在提取时间分别为1.0h、4.0h时可给性达到最大,且之后基本不变,1.0h、4.0h可作为模拟测试As在胃肠中可给性的提取时间.研究结果表明开展基于我国人群胃肠消化特征的土壤重金属人体可给性测试方法具有重要意义.