污染物总量控制目标的确定

污染物总量控制是我国环境管理工作的一大进步。本文从其涵义入手,简要介绍了污染物总量控制指标体系的建立及污染物总量控制目标的确定方法。     

牛骨炭与伊/蒙黏土组配改良剂对土壤中Cd的钝化效果

农田土壤Cd污染是我国最为突出的环境问题之一,开展新型钝化修复Cd污染土壤材料的研究和技术开发对保障农产品安全及保护人体健康具有重要意义.以北京某蔬菜生产基地设施大棚Cd污染土壤为试验对象,温室条件下采用盆栽试验,研究牛骨炭与伊/蒙黏土复合组配的改良剂对Cd污染土壤的钝化效果,探讨不同配比的组配改良剂对土壤Cd有效态含量以及小白菜Cd吸收量的影响.结果表明:在污染土壤中添加1%、2%和5%的组配改良剂,可明显降低土壤有效态Cd含量及小白菜对Cd的吸收,土壤有效态Cd含量降幅最大值达42.3%,小白菜地上部分Cd含量降幅最大值达22.7%,组配改良剂中骨炭成分比例越高,钝化效果越好,尤其以添加5%组配改良剂（添加组配改良剂中牛骨炭含量为50%）对Cd的稳定化效果最佳,且不同组配改良剂处理均不会对小白菜生长产生不良影响,表明牛骨炭与伊/蒙黏土组配的改良剂在修复Cd污染土壤上具有较好的应用潜力.研究显示,牛骨炭与伊/蒙黏土组配的改良剂符合绿色修复技术的发展要求,可作为钝化修复农田重金属污染土壤的环保新材料.      

利用拓展生物配体模型预测Mg影响下Cu-Ni、Zn-Ni对小麦的联合毒性

通过水培实验,研究了不同Mg2+浓度下Cu、Zn、Ni单独及Cu-Ni、Zn-Ni复合对小麦根的毒性并分别建立了3个元素的BLM.利用Cu、Zn、Ni单一毒性数据,计算了复合金属离子与生物配体结合数量指数(fmix),由此建立了用于预测Cu-Ni、Zn-Ni联合毒性的BLM-fmix模型.结果表明,溶液中Mg2+浓度增加,能够减弱单一Cu、Zn、Ni和Cu-Ni、Zn-Ni复合对小麦根的毒性.在复合体系中,Cu-Ni复合的TU50(对小麦根长产生50%抑制作用时的毒性单位值)分别为1.18、1.33、1.31,略大于1,表现为弱拮抗作用;而Zn-Ni复合的TU50分别为4.22、2.26、2.16,表现为强拮抗作用.BLM-fmix模型能够准确预测Cu-Ni、Zn-Ni联合作用下小麦根长,预测和实测值的相关系数及标准误差分别为0.94、8.87(Cu-Ni复合)和0.92、10.14(Zn-Ni复合),该结果为重金属复合污染土壤的评价和修复提供理论依据.     

Overview of key operation factors and strategies for improving fermentative volatile fatty acid production and product regulation from sewage sludge

In recent years, volatile fatty acid (VFA) production through anaerobic fermentation of sewage sludge, instead of methane production, has been regarded as a high-value and promising roadmap for sludge stabilization and resource recovery. This review first presents the effects of some essential factors that influence VFA production and composition. In the second part, we present an extensive analysis of conventional pretreatment and co-fermentation strategies ultimately addressed to improving VFA production and composition. Also, the effectiveness of these approaches is summarized in terms of sludge degradation, hydrolysis rate, and VFA production and composition. According to published studies, it is concluded that some pretreatments such as alkaline and thermal pretreatment are the most effective ways to enhance VFA production from sewage sludge. The possible reasons for the improvement of VFA production by different methods are also discussed. Finally, this review also highlights several current technical challenges and opportunities in VFA production with spectrum control, and further related research is proposed.     

镉对北京城郊土壤潜在硝化速率的影响

采集北京城郊5个区县的3种土壤褐土、潮土和山地棕壤,通过急性毒性实验,研究了外源添加镉(Cd)对土壤潜在硝化速率(PNR)的影响。结果表明,5个采样点土壤的PNR分别随土壤中总Cd和有效态Cd含量呈先增后减的趋势。所有处理土壤的有效态Cd含量与PNR的相关关系(R2=0.42,p0.001)优于土壤总Cd含量与PNR的相关关系(R2=0.27,p=0.001)。在土壤总Cd含量和PNR的逐步回归分析中,引入土壤有机质和阳离子交换量(CEC)2个变量可提高其相关性。基于土壤总Cd的EC50(PNR降低至对照50%时的土壤Cd浓度)和有效态Cd的EC50的最大值与最小值之间分别相差2.3倍和3.3倍,而EC10(PNR降低至对照10%的土壤Cd浓度)的最大值与最小值之间分别相差8.5倍和10.8倍。基于总Cd的EC50最低值出现在CEC最小的丰台土壤,而最高值出现在有机质含量最多的灵山土壤,但这2个EC50值未达到显著性差异,表明5个采样点的土壤有机质和CEC虽然在一定程度上影响Cd对PNR的毒性,但不足以引起EC50的显著变化。     

Biodegradation of triclosan and triclocarban in sewage sludge during composting under three ventilation strategies

TCS and TCC can be biodegraded during sewage sludge composting. Ventilation significantly accelerated the biodegradation of TCS and TCC in sludge. Composting can reduce the environmental risk of TCS and TCC in sewage sludge. Triclosan (TCS) and triclocarban (TCC) are widely used in home and personal care products as antimicrobial agents. After these products are used, TCS and TCC enter the terrestrial environment and pose a great risk to humans and animals. In this research, the biodegradation of TCS and TCC was investigated during sewage sludge composting with ventilation rates of 108, 92, and 79 m³/min. TCS and TCC were mainly biodegraded in the mesophilic and thermophilic phases, and the biodegradation rates improved with an increase in ventilation. After sewage sludge was composted for 16 days with forced ventilation (108 m³/min), the concentration of TCS decreased from 497.4 to 214.5 μg/kg, and the concentration of TCC decreased from 823.2 to 172.7 μg/kg. The biodegradation rates of TCS and TCC were 65.2% and 83.1%, respectively. However, after the sewage sludge was stacked for 16 days, the biodegradation rates of TCS and TCC were only 17.0% and 18.2%, respectively. The environmental risks of TCS and TCC in the sewage sludge piles significantly decreased after composting. In the sludge pile with a ventilation rate of 108 m³/min, the RQ values of TCS and TCC decreased from 8.29 and 20.58 to 3.58 and 4.32 after composting for 16 days, respectively. There is still a high risk if the sludge compost is directly used as a culture substrate. Nevertheless, the environmental risk could be decreased distinctly if a reasonable quantity of sludge compost is applied to land to ensure an RQ of<1 for TCS and TCC.     

铜对大麦(Hordeum vulgare)的急性毒性预测模型——生物配体模型

采用水堵的方法研究了Ca2 、Mg2 、K2 、Na2 和pH对大麦铜急性毒性的影响程度,并建立了一种用于预测铜对大麦急性毒性的生物配体模型(BLM).结果表明,高活度Mg2 (1.21 mmol·L-1和1.65 mmol·L-1)显著增加了大麦根伸长的半抑制浓度EC50(Cu2 )(以自由Cu2 活度表示),而Ca2 、K2 、Na2 对EC50(Cu2 )的影响没有达到显著水平.培养液中铜的形态分析和相关分析表明,pH值通过改变羟基铜(CuOH )的含量而影响铜的毒性.根据生物配体模型理论,估计了Cu2 、Mg2 、CuOH 和生物配体的络合平衡常数,分别为LogKCuBL=6.57,logKCuOHBL=7.03,logKHgBL=3.00.在此基础上通过计算得出,当50%的大麦根伸长被抑制时需络合66%的生物配体位点,利用上述参数建立的生物配体模型预测的EC50在实测值的2倍范围之内,远远低于仅考虑自由Cu2 毒性的12倍预测范围.结果说明,考虑了Mg2 竞争和CuOH 毒性建立的生物配体模型能够准确地预测铜对大麦的急性毒性.     

Recycling of low-silicate iron tailings in the production of lightweight building materials

Journal of Material Cycles and Waste Management - A feasible process for preparing lightweight building materials from the low-silicate iron tailings was developed. Various proportions of...