Optimal range of plug-in electric vehicles in Beijing and Shanghai

Both China’s national subsidy policies for plug-in electric vehicles (PEVs) purchasers and passenger cars corporate average fuel consumption and new vehicle credit regulation (dual-credit policy) favor long-range 300+ km battery electric vehicles (BEVs) and 80+ km plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs). However, these electric vehicles tend to have lower energy efficiency and higher purchase and operation costs. Vehicle with larger batteries can also be less equitable because the subsidies are often provided to more expensive vehicles and wealthier owners. This study takes advantage of a novel dataset of daily driving data from 39,854 conventional gasoline vehicles in Beijing and 4999 PHEVs in Shanghai to determine the optimal range of BEVs and PHEVs within their respective cities. We simulate a model to explore ranges with which PEVs emit less GHGs than that of a baseline hybrid and conventional gasoline vehicle while ensuring that all daily travel demands are met. Our findings indicate that in both cities, the optimal ranges to balance cost and travel demand for BEVs are 350 km or less and for PHEVs are 60 km or less in Beijing and 80 km or less in Shanghai. We also find that to minimize carbon dioxide (CO₂) emissions, the ranges are even lower 10 km in Beijing and 30 km in Shanghai. Our study suggests that instead of encouraging long-range PEVs, governments should subsidize PEV models with shorter ranges. Parallel efforts should also be made to both increase renewable energy over fossil fuels and expand charging facilities. Although individual mobility demand varies, the government could reduce occasional long-distance driving by subsidizing alternative transportation choices. Providing week-long driving trials to consumers before their purchases may help decrease the demand of very long range PEVs by alleviating the range anxiety through a learning process.

     

油气田在役管道高后果区识别与完整性评价方法

根据油气管道建设与管理的相关标准与规范或导则,针对目前油气田在役管道,明确了其高后果区识别的划分及其在不同标准中的差异以及识别的原则和时间间隔,分别介绍了在管道的相关数据采集的基础上开展地质灾害和第三方破坏造成的管道风险评价方法,管道内外腐蚀的直接评价以及包括剩余强度、剩余寿命和材料在内的管道适用性评价方法,同时给出了这些评价工作所涉及到的相关内容项,对油田管道的完整性管理具有重要的指导作用和应用价值。     

淮河干流及主要支流夏季浮游植物群落生物多样性评价

浮游植物是水生态系统的重要组成部分,其群落变化与水体环境条件密切相关,是反映河流健康的主要生物指标.为揭示淮河流域浮游植物群落特征及其与水质的相互关系,于2015年夏季对淮河流域典型水体—淮河干流、沙颍河、涡河和淠河进行系统的水质及浮游植物调查,探明浮游植物群落及其空间分布特征,并结合水体理化指标和生物指数进行水质评价.结果表明,淮河干流及主要支流27个点位中共获得浮游植物8门71属153种,主要隶属于绿藻门(Chlorophyta)、硅藻门(Bacillariophyta)、蓝藻门(Cyanophyta).浮游植物密度为0.019×10~5~131.824×10~5ind·L~(-1),不同河段浮游植物分布表现出较为显著的空间差异性,平均密度大小呈现沙颖河淮河干流涡河淠河的特点.非参数多维尺度分析(Non-metric Multidimensional Scaling,NMDS)表明,淮河干流、淠河和涡河的浮游植物群落组成和结构的相似性较高,而与沙颍河的浮游植物群落存在一定的差异.Shannon多样性指数H'介于0.78~3.21之间,Margalef丰富度指数D介于1.03~4.79之间,Pielou均匀度指数J介于0.12~0.73之间.水质生物评价结果显示,淮河流域大部分水体处于中等污染状况,部分点位处于重污染状况,其结果与水质综合污染指数评价结果具有较好的一致性.研究结果可为淮河水污染防治和水生态修复提供基础依据.     

模拟盐水入侵及Fe(III)浓度增强对河口感潮淡水沼泽湿地土壤反硝化速率及理化特征的影响

以闽江河口塔礁洲感潮淡水野慈姑(Sagittaria trifolia Linn.)湿地为研究对象,于2016年2、4、7和9月每月均在连续2个小潮日内向研究样地施加人造海水和Fe(OH)_3溶液,研究短期的盐水入侵及Fe(III)浓度增强对河口感潮淡水湿地土壤反硝化速率及理化特征的影响.结果表明,短期的盐水入侵、Fe(III)浓度增强对河口感潮淡水沼泽湿地土壤反硝化速率的影响不显著,然而,盐水和Fe(III)共同施加会显著提高湿地土壤反硝化速率,与对照(CK)相比,盐水和Fe(III)共同施加可使土壤反硝化速率提高270.9%.盐水入侵、盐水和Fe(III)共同施加均可显著提高湿地土壤、间隙水的电导率及Cl~-、SO_4~(2-)的含量;Fe(III)浓度增强可显著降低土壤和间隙水pH值,同时显著提高土壤三价铁含量.     

响应土壤阴离子类型的盐碱土古细菌群落多样性研究

为初步解析我国黑龙江苏打盐碱地（HA）、新疆荒漠盐碱地（XD）、山西平原盐碱地（SY）、江苏滨海盐碱地（JD）和天津滨海盐碱地（TB）5个地区的土壤古细菌群落结构多样性,以及其响应土壤不同阴离子类型的分布特征,采用基于Illumin-Hiseq平台的高通量测序技术获得489~604个古细菌可操纵分类单元（OTU）.OTU多样性分析结果表明XD的古细菌群落物种丰富度最高,SY和HA分别具有最高和最低的古细菌群落多样性和均匀度;OTU的物种注释结果表明HA以奇古菌门（Thaumarchaeota）为优势菌门,其他土壤均以广古菌（Euryarchaeota）为优势;综合5个样品古细菌群落结构、优势古细菌属和土壤阴离子进行的典范对应分析（CCA）结果显示,XD古细菌群落结构和Haloterrigena属（XD中最优势,相对丰度20.2%）明显的响应土壤SO₄^2-浓度;HA古细菌群落结构和Nitrososphaera属（HA中最优势,62.3%）明显的响应土壤HCO₃^-/CO₃^2-浓度和pH;JD、SY和TB古细菌群落结构、Halorubrum属（JD和TB中最优势,24.4%和15.6%）,和Natronomonas属（SY和JD中第二优势,8.1%和9.2%）明显的响应土壤Cl^-浓度.研究结果说明我国不同地域分布的盐碱土受其土壤阴离子类型及其浓度的影响,呈现不同的古细菌群落结构和分布特征.研究结果为我国不同类型盐碱土古细菌资源的挖掘提供依据,也为揭示我国不同类型盐碱土古细菌群落的生态功能提供参考.     

基于高精度清单的京津冀机动车控污政策研究

为研究京津冀机动车污染控制政策对CO、HC、NO_x、PM_2.5、PM₁₀等污染物的减排效果,建立了2014年高精度机动车排放清单,选取过去已经实施,未来规划实施及优化/劣化后的若干政策,设置4类共13种政策情景,与实际清单基准情景进行对比,识别各政策情景的排放变化,并对其中由政府给予补贴的政策进行成本收益核算.结果显示,淘汰低排放标准机动车带来的污染减排效果最好,在天津和河北对CO和HC的排放削减分别为53.19%,49.75%和51.28%,50.87%,达半数及以上;升级机动车发动机和燃油标准也能显著削减排放,在天津和河北对PM_2.5、PM₁₀的削减分别为17.01%,17.00%和21.95%,21.93%.政府补贴政策存在明显边际效应特征,排放标准高,重污染车少的北京单位成本的减排收益明显低于天津和河北,.河北和天津在考虑成本因素的基础上,应当逐步采纳北京的高标准减排政策;北京则可在一定条件下,将一部分低效的政府补贴通过合理方式转移支付给天津和河北,以提高政府投入的减排效率.     

Effects of Na+ on Cu/SAPO-34 for ammonia selective catalytic reduction

Copper-exchanged chabazite (Cu/CHA) catalysts have been found to be affected by alkali metal and alkaline earth ions. However, the effects of Na⁺ ions on Cu/SAPO-34 for ammonia selective catalytic reduction (NH₃-SCR) are still unclear. In order to investigate the mechanism, five samples with various Na contents were synthesized and characterized. It was observed that the introduced Na⁺ ion-exchanges with H⁺ and Cu^2 + of Cu/SAPO-34. The exchange of H⁺ is easier than that of isolated Cu^2 +. The exchanged Cu^2 + ions aggregate and form “CuAl₂O₄-like” species. The NH₃-SCR activity of Cu/SAPO-34 decreases with increasing Na content, and the loss of isolated Cu^2 + and acid sites is responsible for the activity loss.     

Seasonal variation and size distribution of biogenic secondary organic aerosols at urban and continental background sites of China

Size-resolved biogenic secondary organic aerosols(BSOA) derived from isoprene and monoterpene photooxidation in Qinghai Lake, Tibetan Plateau(a continental background site) and five cities of China were measured using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry(GC/MS). Concentrations of the determined BSOA are higher in the cities than in the background and are also higher in summer than in winter. Moreover, strong positive correlations(R2= 0.44–0.90) between BSOA and sulfate were found at the six sites,suggesting that anthropogenic pollution(i.e., sulfate) could enhance SOA formation,because sulfate provides a surface favorable for acid-catalyzed formation of BSOA. Size distribution measurements showed that most of the determined SOA tracers are enriched in the fine mode( 3.3 μm) except for cis-pinic and cis-pinonic acids, both presented a comparable mass in the fine and coarse( 3.3 μm) modes, respectively. Mass ratio of oxidation products derived from isoprene to those from monoterpene in the five urban regions during summer are much less than those in Qinghai Lake region. In addition, in the five urban regions relative abundances of monoterpene oxidation products to SOA are much higher than those of isoprene. Such phenomena suggest that BSOA derived from monoterpenes are more abundant than those from isoprene in Chinese urban areas.