汶川8．0级地震后中江县水库震害调查与分析

汶川8.0级地震对四川省水库造成了严重的震害和巨大的经济损失.依据德阳市水库地震灾害的现场科学考察资料,对德阳市中江县19座高危险情以上的水库土石坝的震损现象做了初步总结和分析.这些震损水库基本上都建于1950-1980年代,未经抗震设计,典型震害现象包括水库坝顶中部及坝轴线两侧纵向裂缝、坝体纵横向裂缝、大坝沉陷、坝坡滑坡和护坡滑动、坝脚渗漏、水库泄水构筑物震损、防浪墙震裂等震害现象.这说明了对中小型水库土石坝进行抗震设防的必要性,今后应深入研究中小型水库土石坝的震害机制,以指导水库土石坝的抗震设计.     

新疆天山天池景区飞龙涧崩塌及其防治

飞龙涧崩塌位于新疆天山天池景区内,发育在天池冰碛湖堤东侧,三工河左岸陡崖上,4个崩塌体组成的一大型浅层崩塌.崩塌平面形态呈不规则的马蹄形,面积0.105 km2.飞龙涧大型崩塌是地质因素、地貌因素、气象因素、水文因素综合作用的结果;是激发因素--暴雨、有利的地质地形条件--基岩破碎、山高坡陡和地下水长期作用、河流冲刷等综合作用的结果.针对本区的社会条件和自然条件,提出了防崩减灾对策,具体分为工程措施和非工程措施.     

宁淮高速公路膨胀土边坡生态土壤稳定剂土质改性试验研究

介绍了STW型生态土壤稳定剂对宁淮高速公路边坡膨胀土的胀缩性、水稳性、强度、抗冲刷性等的改性试验研究,并结合现场试验,分析了STW型生态土壤稳定剂用于膨胀土边坡坡面防护的效果。试验结果表明:STW型生态土壤稳定剂改性膨胀土的胀缩性,随着稳定剂掺量的增大而减小;改性土的水稳性,随着稳定剂稀释浓度的增大而增强;同时,改性土的强度得到显著提高,抗冲刷性能得到明显增强,具有显著的防治水土流失、促进表层固化、提高坡面稳定的效果。     

Effects of cadmium on forearm bone density after reduction of exposure for 10 years in a Chinese population

The main focus of this study was to evaluate long term effects of cadmium on forearm bone mineral density after stopping ingestion of cadmium-polluted rice for 10 years in a Chinese population. A total of 532 persons (338 women and 194 men), living in control, moderately and heavily polluted areas, were included in this study. The residents living in the polluted area ceased ingesting cadmium-polluted rice in 1996. All participants were require to answer a questionnaire and the bone mineral density (BMD) was measured by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) at the proximal radius and ulna. Samples of urine and blood were collected for determination of cadmium in urine (UCd) and blood (BCd).The BMD of subjects living in the heavily polluted area was significantly lower than that of those living in control area in both men and women (p < 0.01). For the people living in the moderately polluted area, only the women's BMD was greatly lower compared to that in the control area (p < 0.05). The BMD declined with the increasing BCd and UCd in both sexes, especially in the highest level (BCd > 5 µg/L, UCd > 10 µg/g crea) groups (p < 0.01). It was found that there were significant differences in the prevalence of osteoporosis among the different areas (χ² = 13.046, p = 0.0003) and different UCd groups (χ² = 4.511, p = 0.0337) in women, but not in men (χ² = 0.962, p = 0.3268; χ² = 1.906, p = 0.1675). But a significant difference exists in the prevalence of osteoporosis among different BCd groups in both genders (χ² = 9.304, p = 0.00229, in women; χ² = 4603, p = 0.0319, in men). This study suggested that cadmium could play a long-term role on bone and more attention should be paid to cadmium effects on bone metabolism after reduction of exposure.     

黑龙江省土地生态安全评价

土地是我们人类赖以生存和发展的物质基础,土地生态安全关系到我们人类的生存和发展.以黑龙江省为例,探讨土地生态安全评价方法.针对黑龙江省土地利用现状特点从经济、社会、生态环境三个方面构建土地生态安全评价指标体系.鉴于土地生态安全评价的模糊性和不确定性,将熵值理论和物元理论相结合构建土地生态安全评价模型,并根据此模型从宏观上对2000-2006年黑龙江省土地生态安全程度进行评价.结果表明:①2000-2006年黑龙江省土地生态均处于较安全水平;②2000-200:3年黑龙江土地生态安全水平为负值,2004-2006年为正值,说明其土地生态安全水平不断提高,土地生态安全环境不断改善;③同时存在水土流失治理率、耕地有效灌溉率、第三产业占GDP比重偏低及万元GDP能耗和城镇登记失业率偏高等不安全因素,威胁土地生态安全.     

China's Total Emission Control Policy:a Critical Review

As part of a comprehensive environmental management system, many countries establish emission control targets for mass emissions of a pollutant. Such targets are often the key objective of an environmental policy, such as an emission trading program. In China, however, it is more than just an objective of one particular policy; it has become a concept that has influenced many national environmental policies and activities. The objective of this article is to review the implementation of the total emission c...     

江苏省沿江开发区空间分工、制造业集聚与转移

基于新经济地理学相关理论,针对江苏省沿江开发战略实施以后,制造业空间可能存在的变动,在整理和分析调查问卷资料的基础上,选择专业化指数和基尼系数2种方法来定量分析江苏省21个沿江省级以上开发区空间分工、制造业集聚和转移态势。结果表明：（1）2002~2006年江南沿江开发区通过向江北沿江开发区转移部分传统产业,逐渐形成了江南沿江技术/资本密集型制造业“中心”和江北沿江劳动密集型制造业“外围”的空间分工格局;（2）江南沿江开发区内部、江北沿江开发区内部尚未形成良好的分工关系;（3）受开发区发展阶段、区域产业政策、本地化资源供给和市场需求等因素影响,并未发现理论预期的普遍存在的产业集聚现象,仅纺织服装、石化、电力、塑料橡胶等产业呈现集中趋势.     

Analysis of the Energy Embodied in Foreign Goods Trade of China

In recent years, scientists have been increasingly interested in the energy embodied in traded goods among countries. In this article, the direct energy intensities in various economic sectors of China were calculated with the data of energy consumption and output value of each sector, and the input-output table was used to estimate the external energy consumption. The total energy intensity of all sectors was then obtained. From the data of international trade, the energy embodied in goods trade of China was estimated for the period of 1994-2001. During this period, the average energy intensity of imported goods was always higher than that of exported ones. As a country with a surplus in international goods trade, China actually imported net embodied energy in the past few years. The net embodied energy imported was at the same magnitude of the imported energy in the form of fossil fuels.     

环境库兹涅茨曲线假说在中国的经验研究

改革开放以来,中国年均98%的经济持续增长举世瞩目,然而对经济增长所付出的环境代价却存在着诸多争议。环境库兹涅茨曲线（EKC）假说是对环境 收入关系研究的经典表述,可以直观地展现环境与收入变化的关系。在前人研究EKC时运用单一或多个单一指标测量污染程度存在缺陷的基础上,基于 1982～2006年中国6类环境污染物,用改进的熵值法计算出代表我国整体环境污染状况的环境污染指数,利用协整检验来研究中国环境库兹涅茨曲线的存在性及其“本土化”特征,发现与一般发达国家和新兴发展中国家的“倒U”型环境库兹涅茨曲线不同,中国综合环境污染模型呈“正U”型,以21世纪初为分界点,之前环境污染水平不断下降,之后环境污染又开始有所恶化;利用脉冲响应函数来考察环境污染和经济增长的互动关系,发现经济增长在追溯期内对环境污染均为正向影响,而环境污染仅在短期对经济增长有促进作用。这一研究旨在为制定符合中国国情的环境、经济政策,实现经济与环境协调发展提供理论依据.     

Gas/particle partitioning of atmospheric PCDD/Fs in a satellite town in Eastern China

Gas/particle partitioning of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs) in ambient air was investigated in a satellite town in Eastern China from April 2007 to January 2008 comprehending large temperature variations (from 3 to 34 °C, daily average). Molecular weight, molecular structure and ambient temperatures are the three major factors that govern the gas/particle partitioning of atmospheric PCDD/Fs throughout the year. Generally, good agreements were obtained (except for winter) between measured particulate fractions and theoretical estimates of both the Junge–Pankow adsorption model and Harner Bidleman absorption model using different sets of subcooled liquid vapor pressure and octanol–air partition coefficient (K_oa), respectively. Models utilizing estimates, derived from gas chromatographic retention indices (GC-RIs), are more accurate than that of entropy-based. Moreover, during winter, the K_oa-based model using the GC-RIs approach performs better on lower chlorinated PCDD/Fs than that of -based. Furthermore, possible sources of mismatch between measured and predicted values in winter (3–7 °C) were discussed. Gas adsorption artifact was demonstrated to be of minor importance for the phenomena observed. On the other hand, large deviations of slopes (m_r) and intercepts (b_r) in logK_p vs. plots from theoretical values are observed in the literature data and these are found to be linearly correlated with ambient temperatures (P<0.001) in this study. This indicates that the non-equilibrium partitioning of PCDD/Fs in winter may be significantly influenced by the colder temperatures that may have slowed down the exchange between gaseous and particulate fractions.