催化型连续再生颗粒捕集器对生物柴油发动机排放颗粒理化特性的影响

以某重型柴油机为原机,研究氧化催化转化器(Diesel Oxidation Catalyst,简称"DOC")与催化型颗粒捕集器(Catalyzed Diesel Particulate Filter,简称"CDPF")结合而成的催化型连续再生颗粒捕集器(Catalyzed Continuously Regeneration Trap,简称"CCRT")对燃用B20混合燃料柴油机颗粒排放理化特性的影响.试验结果表明:生物柴油发动机安装CCRT装置后排放的颗粒质量和数量均显著低于原机.CCRT装置对不同粒径颗粒的捕集效率不同,对聚集态颗粒的捕集效果略优于核态颗粒.与原机相比,安装CCRT后PAHs总排放量下降,在检测到的20种PAHs中有17种排放量减少.按环数比较,原机及安装CCRT装置后PAHs均以三环和四环为主.CCRT装置的安装使生物柴油发动机排放颗粒中化学成分毒性降低.     

Characteristics of secondary inorganic aerosol and sulfate species in size-fractionated aerosol particles in Shanghai

Sulfate, nitrate and ammonium(SNA) are the dominant species in secondary inorganic aerosol, and are considered an important factor in regional haze formation. Size-fractionated aerosol particles for a whole year were collected to study the size distribution of SNA as well as their chemical species in Shanghai. SNA mainly accumulated in fine particles and the highest average ratio of SNA to particulate matter(PM) was observed to be 47% in the fine size fraction(0.49–0.95 μm). Higher sulfur oxidation ratio and nitrogen oxidation ratio values were observed in PM of fine size less than 0.95 μm. Ion balance calculations indicated that more secondary sulfate and nitrate would be generated in PM of fine size(0.49–0.95 μm). Sulfur K-edge X-ray absorption near-edge structure(XANES) spectra of typical samples were analyzed. Results revealed that sulfur mainly existed as sulfate with a proportion(atomic basis) more than 73% in all size of PM and even higher at 90% in fine particles. Sulfate mainly existed as(NH4)2SO4 and gypsum in PM of Shanghai. Compared to non-haze days, a dramatic increase of(NH4)2SO4 content was found in fine particles on haze days only, which suggested the promoting impact of(NH4)2SO4 on haze formation. According to the result of air mass backward trajectory analysis, more(NH4)2SO4 would be generated during the periods of air mass stagnation. Based on XANES, analysis of sulfate species in size-fractionated aerosol particles can be an effective way to evaluate the impact of sulfate aerosols on regional haze formation.     

武汉市三废产生量的相关分析及预测

在分析1991-2002武汉市三废产生量的时间变化特征基础上,运用灰色关联度方法,定量分析了武汉市城市三废产生量的主要因子。利用灰色系统理论建立了城市三废产生量的GM（1,1）模型,模型经精度检验合格,预测了2010年武汉市三废产生量,预测结果为：武汉市三废产生量到2010年将达到432．63百万吨、3998．08亿标准立方米和678．10万吨。     

浅析应急救援队伍在抢险救援中的应急保障能力

通过对当前应急救援队伍的装备配置和维护保养情况进行调查,结合基层队伍的专项训练情况,分析现阶段应急救援队伍应急保障中存在的薄弱点,就如何提高应急救援队伍的救援能力提出建议。     

城市抗震防灾规划的研究和编制

1引言 在各国政府和研究人员对于减轻各种自然灾害进行的大量研究和实际工作的基础上,目前已有一些分灾种的防灾减灾规划的编制思路和模式可供参考.总的来讲,日美都比较重视应急预案和应急疏散的研究和实施,重视单体工程的抗灾,日本把防灾减灾的措施和城市总体规划合并在一起实施,起到了比较好的效果,美国的研究比较重视城市工程设施的易损性分析,美国FEMA目前正在推广一项计划,即将地震区的主要城市,建立工程设施数据库,并采用专门软件进行实时易损性分析,这些思路都是我国进行抗震防灾规划编制和研究值得借鉴的.     

城市非点源污染的主要来源及分类控制对策

土地利用方式是影响流域水质的主要因素,加强土地利用管理是提高流域水环境质量的重要途径之一.以武汉市汉阳区为例,利用逐步回归模型分析了城市土地利用类型与流域湖泊水质之间的相关关系,发现农村居民地、城市居民地、商业用地和滩地等用地类型是城市湖泊非点源污染的主要来源.基于土地利用类型,流域中的17个汇水单元可聚为3类,分别以农村居民用地,城市居民用地和商业用地,滩地为主.依照各类汇水单元的景观结构特点,针对性地提出了非点源污染的分类控制措施,简化了控制措施和提高了可操作性.     

Comparison of catalytic activity of two platinised TiO2 films towards the oxidation of organic pollutants

Two types of platinised TiO2 films, i.e., Pt-TiO2/ITO and Pt(TiO2)/ITO, were prepared by a procedure of dip-coating and subsequent photo-deposition, and photo-deposition and subsequent dip-coating, respectively. They were well characterized by DRS, XRD spectra, SEM microscopy and photoelectrochemical measurement. Their photocatalytic, dark catalytic and photoelectrocatalytic activities were investigated using formic acid as a model organic pollutants. Compared with pure TiO2/ITO film, the photocatalytic activity of the platinised TiO2 films were apparently improved. However, the improvement was considerably dependent on the preparation method of these films. Pt-TiO2/ITO not only possessed higher photocatalytic activity but also showed a dark catalytic activity towards HCOOH degradation. As a sequence, it was first emphasized that the dark catalytic effect of Pt-TiO2/ITO was partly responsible for degradation of formic acid in the photocatalytic oxidation process. Although the Pt(TiO2)/ITO film does not exhibit the dark catalytic activity, its photocatalytic degradation efficiencies towards HCOOH are higher than that of Pt-TiO2/ITO film. Therefore, in view of enhanced photocatalytic activity, the Pt(TiO2)/ITO was more favored than Pt-TiO2/ITO film.     

Geochemistry of leachates from the El Fraile sulfide tailings piles in Taxco, Guerrero, southern Mexico

Leachates from the El Fraile tailings impoundment (Taxco, Mexico) were monitored every 2 months from October 2001 to August 2002 to assess the geochemical characteristics. These leachates are of interest because they are sometimes used as alternative sources of domestic water. Alternatively, they drain into the Cacalotenango creek and may represent a major source of metal contamination of surface water and sediments. Most El Fraile leachates show characteristics of Ca–SO₄, (Ca+Mg)–SO₄, Mg–SO₄ and Ca–(SO₄+HCO₃) water types and are near-neutral (pH=6.3–7.7). Some acid leachates are generated by the interaction of meteoric water with tailings during rainfall events (pH=2.4–2.5). These contain variable levels of SO₄ ²⁻ (280–29,500 mg l⁻¹) and As (<0.01–12.0 mg l⁻¹) as well as Fe (0.025–2352 mg l⁻¹), Mn (0.1–732 mg l⁻¹), Zn (<0.025–1465 mg l⁻¹) and Pb (<0.01–0.351 mg l⁻¹). Most samples show the highest metal enrichment during the dry seasons. Leachates used as domestic water typically exceed the Mexican Drinking Water Guidelines for sulfate, hardness, Fe, Mn, Pb and As, while acidic leachates exceed the Mexican Guidelines for Industrial Discharge Waters for pH, Cu, Cd and As. Speciation shows that in near-neutral solutions, metals exist mainly as free ions, sulfates and bicarbonates, while in acidic leachates they are present as sulfates and free ions. Arsenic appears as As^(V) in all samples. Thermodynamic and mineralogical evidence indicates that precipitation of Fe oxides and oxyhydroxides, clay minerals and jarosite as well as sorption by these minerals are the main processes controlling leachate chemistry. These processes occur mainly after neutralization by interaction with bedrock and equilibration with atmospheric oxygen.