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141.
Miwa Setoyama Takeshi Kato Kazuya Yamamoto Jun-ichi Kadokawa 《Journal of Polymers and the Environment》2013,21(3):795-801
This paper reports the preparation of chitin/cellulose films compatibilized with polymeric ionic liquids. In-situ (co)polymerization of polymerizable ionic liquids, 1-(3-methacryloyloxypropyl)-3-vinylimidazolium bromide (1) and 1-methyl-3-vinylbenzylimidazolium chloride (3), was carried out in the presence of a radical initiator, AIBN, in the chitin/cellulose solution with ionic liquid solvents (1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium acetate and chloride, BMIMOAc and BMIMCl, respectively), followed by the appropriate procedure to give the desired films. The presence of the polymeric ionic liquid in the film was confirmed by the IR measurement. The powder X-ray diffraction analysis suggested that crystalline structures of the polysaccharides were largely disrupted in the film, as same as that of a chitin/cellulose film prepared by the AMIMOAc/BMIMCl system. These results were different from the XRD result of a chitin/cellulose film prepared by the 1-allyl-3-methylimidazolium bromide/BMIMCl system reported in our previous study, in which some crystalline structures were still remained in the film. Furthermore, the mechanical properties of the present films were evaluated by tensile testing, which were affected by the molar ratios of the polymeric ionic liquids to the polysaccharides and the compositional ratios of the two units 1 and 3. 相似文献
142.
Dayana Moscardi dos Santos Gustavo Souza Santos Marta Margarete Cestari Ciro Alberto de Oliveira Ribeiro Helena Cristina Silva de Assis Flavia Yamamoto Izonete Cristina Guiloski Mary Rosa Rodrigues de Marchi Rosalinda Carmela Montone 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2014,21(4):3166-3174
The toxicity of butyltin compounds (BTs), mainly tributyltin (TBT), has been reported in different organisms. However, such an analysis in fish after field exposure with reference to the related biomarkers has not been commonly observed in the literature. This study presents the uptake of BTs in the liver of a neotropical marine catfish Cathorops spixii in Paranagua Bay, an important estuarine system located in southern Brazil. Two different areas, close to and distant from the harbor, were used for chemical analysis evaluation of hepatotoxicity through genetic, enzymatic, and histopathological biomarkers. The presence of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in bile was also considered as a biomarker. The results showed a significant relationship between TBT levels and the inhibition of biotransformation enzymes and high occurrence of melanomacrophages in fish collected close to the harbor site. These effects were linked to the absence of TBT metabolites in the liver. In the second site, the presence of DBT was associated with an increase in EROD and GST activity. The larger amount of DNA damage as well as the highest oxidative stress was noted in fish from the less TBT-polluted area, where DBT and bile PAHs occurred. These findings showed different impact levels due to or increased by the chronic exposure of biota to BTs. 相似文献
143.
Ryoki Asano Kiyohide Kubori Yuhei Ozutsumi Nozomi Yamamoto Kenichi Otrawa Yutaka Nakai 《Journal of environmental science and health. Part. B》2013,48(2):122-127
Livestock manure is suitable for use as a composting material. However, various intestinal microbes, such as Escherichia coli, are significant components of such manures. Thus, it is desirable that the level of intestinal microbes, and particularly opportunistic pathogens, in compost is inspected and counted regularly. The sensitivity and specificity of detection of E. coli in compost have been improved by selective cultivation followed by colony polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using the ECO primer. Indeed, the sensitivity of this method is higher than that of DNA extraction from compost and PCR. In this study, changes in numbers of E. coli present in a field-scale composting process over time was assessed using selective cultivation and colony PCR. Numbers of ECO-positive colonies after 24 h decreased, with a concomitant rise in compost temperature. ECO-positive colonies were not detected from 33 to 48 h. However, ECO-positive colony numbers increased beginning on day 4 and continuing until day 42. Thus, it seems likely that the high temperatures reached during the composting process did not affect E. coli numbers in the final compost. Additionally, selective cultivation followed by colony PCR using specific primers is an appropriate method of determining levels of cultivable pathogens in composted materials. 相似文献
144.
Aihua Zhang Toshiaki Yamamoto 《Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association (1995)》2013,63(12):1442-1448
ABSTRACT Nonthermal plasma chemical decomposition of bromomethane (CH3Br) was investigated with a coaxial type packed-bed plasma reactor. It has been demonstrated that plasma chemical processing is an effective approach to decompose CH3Br in a wide concentration range. It has been shown that CH3Br decomposition reactivity depends on reactor operating factors such as background gas, O2 concentration, and humidification. Higher decomposition efficiencies can be obtained in dry N2. However, organic byproducts such as BrCN are concurrently produced under deaerated conditions. Water suppresses CH3Br decomposition and also affects the yields of COx (CO and CO2) and organic byproducts due to the involvement of some active species generated from water. The presence of O2 retards CH3Br decomposition by quenching high-energy electrons, while it suppresses organic byproducts and improves COx yield. The reacted carbons in CH3Br are recovered as COx almost quantitatively in air. Higher CO2 selectivities cannot be achieved by increasing O2 concentration. NOx formation, which is accompanied by CH3Br decomposition, can be effectively suppressed by decreasing O2 concentration down to 2%. Furthermore, reaction mechanisms are discussed by comparing the reactivities of CH3Br and its congeners. 相似文献
145.
The distribution and abundance of Japanese common squid [Todarodes pacificus (Steenstrup, 1880)] paralarvae off southern Kyushu Island near the Kuroshio were examined in relation to water types in the
region. Surveys were conducted in 1996 and 1997 using paired, 70 cm diameter Bongo nets. Temperature–salinity plots from 0,
50 and 100 m depths were used to assign sampling stations to three water types: inshore, mixing and Kuroshio. In total, 4103
T. pacificus paralarvae were collected at 59 of 72 stations. Catch densities at positive stations ranged between 8 and 4282 ind./50 m2 sea surface area. Catches during both years were highest in mixing waters, followed by inshore and Kuroshio waters. Total
catches were highest just north of the oceanographic front at the inshore edge of the Kuroshio and declined with increasing
distance away from the front. Catches of paralarvae ≤1.0 mm mantle length also peaked near the front. In both years, ≥85%
of all paralarvae and ≥69% of those ≤1.0 mm mantle length occurred less than 25 km from the front. We conclude that most spawning
off southwest Kyushu occurs near the frontal zone, where Kuroshio and inshore waters meet.
Received: 18 November 1998 / Accepted: 11 May 1999 相似文献
146.
Kousaku Ohkawa Masanori Yamada Ayako Nishida Norio Nishi Hiroyuki Yamamoto 《Journal of Polymers and the Environment》2000,8(2):59-66
The degradation of two kinds of polyion complex (PIC) fibers, chitosan-gellan (CGF), and poly(L-lysine)-gellan (LGF) fibers, by seven species of soil filamentous fungi has been investigated. All of the pure-line soil filamentous fungi, Aspergillus oryzae, Penicillium caseicolum, P. citrinum, Mucor sp., Rhizopus sp., Curvularia sp., and Cladosporium sp. grew on the two fiber materials. Microscopic observation of the biodegradation processes revealed that P. caseicolum on the CGF and LGF grew, along with the accompanying collapse of the fiber matrices. In the biochemical oxygen-demand (BOD) test, the biodegradation of the LGF by P. caseicolum and Curvularia sp. exceeded 97% carbon dioxide generation and the biodegradation of the CGF by A. oryzae was 59%. These results might offer some clues to the applications of the PIC fibers as environmentally biodegradable materials. 相似文献
147.
The biological degradation behaviour of the aliphatic-aromatic copolyester Ecoflex was investigated with regard to the degree of degradation and the intermediates formed during the degradation process. The individual thermophilic strain Thermomonospora fusca, isolated from compost material, was used for the degradation experiments in a defined synthetic medium at 55 degrees C. After 22 days of degradation more than 99.9% of the polymer had depolymerized and with regard to the degradation of the diacid and diol components of Ecoflex only the monomers of the copolyesters (1,4-butanediol, terephthalate and adipate) could be detected by gas chromatography/mass spectroscopy (GC-MS) measurements in the medium. In interrupted degradation experiments predominantly the monoesters of adipic acid and terephthalic acid with 1,4-butanediol were observed in addition to the monomers. In toxicological tests with Daphnia magna and Photobacterium phosphoreum no significant toxicological effect was observed, neither for the monomeric intermediates nor for the oligomeric intermediates. From a risk assessment it can be concluded that there is no indication for an environmental risk when aliphatic-aromatic copolyesters of the Ecoflex-type are introduced into composting processes. 相似文献
148.
The long-distance dispersal of larvae provides important linkages between populations of reef-building corals and is a critical
part of coral biology. Some coral planulae have symbiotic dinoflagellates (Symbiodinium spp.) that probably provide energy in addition to the lipids provisioned within the egg. However, our understanding of the
influence of symbionts on the energy metabolism and survivorship of planulae remains limited. This study examines the relative
roles of symbiotic dinoflagellate photosynthesis and stored lipid content in the survivorship of the developing stages of
the corals Pocillopora damicornis and Montipora digitata. We found that survivorship decreased under dark conditions (i.e. no photosynthetic activity) for P. damicornis and M. digitata at 31 and 22 days after release/spawning, respectively. The lipid content of P. damicornis and M. digitata planulae showed a significant decrease, at a higher rate, under dark conditions, when compared with light conditions. When
converted to energy equivalents, the available energy provided by the depletion of lipids could account for 41.9 and 84.7%
of larval metabolism for P. damicornis (by day 31) and 38.4 and 90.1% for M. digitata (by day 21) under light and dark conditions, respectively. This finding indicates that not all energy requirements of the
larvae are met by lipids: energy is also sourced from the photosynthetic activities of the symbiotic dinoflagellates within
these larvae, especially under light conditions. In addition, the amounts of three main lipid classes (wax esters, triglycerides,
and phospholipids) decreased throughout the experiment in the planulae of both species, with the wax ester content decreasing
more rapidly under dark conditions than under light conditions. The observations that the planulae of both species derive
considerable amounts of energy from wax esters, and that symbiotic dinoflagellates enable larvae to use their stores at lower
rates, suggested that symbiotic dinoflagellates have the potential to extend larval life under light conditions. 相似文献
149.
Minako Hara Tomonori Honda Hong Xuan Nguyen Katsuhito Nakazawa Ryoichi Yamamoto Itaru Yasui 《Journal of Material Cycles and Waste Management》2005,7(2):78-87
In this work, an estimate of the elevation of airborne lead concentrations via the lead solder contained in domestic electricity installations and an investigation into the effects of human exposure were conducted using a simulation method. The elevation of airborne lead concentrations due to incineration was calculated to be 0.001 µg/m3 maximum. The simulation results of the calculations indicated that blood lead concentrations could reach as high as 10−5 µg/dl. These concentrations could primarily be attributed to the inhalation of airborne lead particles. In addition, we discuss the influences of lead solder disposal on the ecosystem via soil and water. 相似文献
150.
Van Nam Thai Tohru Morioka Akihiro Tokai Yugo Yamamoto Takanori Matsui 《Journal of Cleaner Production》2010,18(14):1446-1457
Although the selection of product categories is a deciding factor for the success of eco-labelling schemes, there are no consistent methods for determining selection factors and how to prioritise product categories for developing countries (DgCs). This paper attempts to identify appropriate factors for product category selection and formulate a prioritisation method applicable to DgCs. We first examined the selection factors currently utilised in schemes worldwide by conducting a questionnaire survey of representatives of foreign schemes. Selection factors were illustrated on a plot graph, which indicated the percentage of factors implemented in the schemes of DgCs and developed countries (DGs), and their plausibility assessed when utilised in the schemes of DgCs. In this way, we proposed three groups of factors: an exclusion factor, five core factors and seven operational factors. Then, under the conditions of DgCs, such as socioeconomic issues and availability of data, we used and modified some judging guidelines of the European Ecolabel (the EU Flower), e.g. determining the environmental impacts and potential of environmental improvements, in the scoring method to prioritise product categories by weighting factors. In light of our findings, we utilised the proposed factors and modified the scoring method to prioritise the screened primary list of product categories of Vietnamese manufacturing sub-sectors. By scoring factor-based questions and prioritising in three ways, i.e. following the scoring method of the EU Flower programme, totalling all values with equal weighting, and totalling all values but by doubling the weighting of core factors compared with operational factors, we observed that the weighted prioritisation differentiates priority product categories more clearly than the other methods. We propose the two highest potential candidates for eco-labelling in Vietnam, namely textile/garment and fishery products. 相似文献