区域大气污染联防联控的理论与方法分析

区域性、复合型大气污染是中国目前以及今后一段时期内所面临的主要大气污染问题,但我国现行"属地"特征的环境管理制度无法满足区域性、复合型大气污染所需要的合作解决问题的要求,因此亟需建立区域大气污染联防联控机制。本文探讨了区域大气污染联防联控的理论基础,并着重讨论了我国实施区域联防联控的技术与方法,包括联防联控区域划分方法、区域大气环境问题控制技术、区域总量控制目标确定与分配方法及区域大气污染联防联控保障体系等。     

基于修正A值法估算西安市大气环境容量研究

采用以单箱模型法为基础的A值法对西安市大气容量进行估算,并将干沉降、湿沉降和化学转化三个消除过程引入模型测算中,借鉴国内外对于大气常规污染物的清除系数的科学研究成果,对研究区域的SO2、NO2、PM10及PM2.5等4项常规污染物的环境容量进行估算。结果表明,执行2012年新的环境质量标准下,西安市SO2、NO2、PM10及PM2.5大气环境容量分别为13.86×104吨/年,9.24×104吨/年、1.62×105吨/年及8.09×104吨/年。     

生物炭和石墨的电化学性质对剩余污泥厌氧消化产甲烷的影响

以玉米秸秆为原料,分别在300、500和700℃的条件下热解制备生物炭(CS300、CS500、CS700),对其理化性质(pH、比表面积、灰分含量、元素组成)和电化学性质(电子供给能力(EDC)、电子接受能力(EAC)、导电率(EC))进行了表征,并将3种生物炭和导电型石墨分别加入消化反应器进行污泥中温厌氧消化批次实验。结果表明:CS300具有最高的EDC(0.598 mmol·g~(-1)),CS700具有最高的EAC(0.740 mmol·g~(-1)),石墨的导电性最强(2.0×10~4 S·m~(-1));4种碳材料对污泥厌氧消化产甲烷均有促进作用,CS300、石墨、CS500和CS700实验组的甲烷累积总产量比对照组分别提高了42.4%、38.9%、28.9%和11.2%。微生物群落结构分析结果表明:甲烷生成的主要代谢途径是CO_2还原代谢途径;3种生物炭材料均提高了Methanosarcina等氢营养型产甲烷古菌的相对丰度,CS300的富集能力最强,石墨的影响作用则不显著。冗余分析结果表明:4种碳材料的电化学性质对厌氧细菌群落组成变化的贡献度为52.7%,对厌氧古菌群落组成变化的贡献度为64.4%;具有氧化还原活性的生物炭通过反复供给、接受电子大幅增加体系中微生物可用电子数量来提高互养微生物种间电子传递效率;而导电性能优秀的石墨则主要通过促进微生物的直接电子传递来提高甲烷产率。研究为解析具有电化学活性的碳材料对厌氧微生物菌群代谢特征和电子传递的影响规律提供了一定的理论支撑,对提高污泥厌氧消化效率、实现能源高效回收具有重要理论价值和现实意义。     

社区防灾减灾资源评价体系探讨

社区是社会的细胞,是城市的基础组成部分,完善城市公共防灾减灾系统,必须从社区着手。通过对城市社区的分类介绍,对社区内常见公共防灾减灾资源进行了归纳分析,总结出社区防灾减灾资源与社区常见灾害事故的应对关系,构建了社区防灾减灾资源评价体系,并且利用层次分析法和专家打分,确立了各个评价指标的分值及权重系数,还对单项灾害防治资源进行评价打分,在此基础上提出了防灾减灾资源总体评价算法。     

生态修复植物蜈蚣草中砷的回收

采用管式炉高温热解-NaOH-Na₂CO₃混合液碱浸-CuSO₄·5H₂O沉淀的方法回收生态修复植物蜈蚣草中的砷,最终得到产品砷酸铜。该方法的最佳工艺条件为：热解温度600 ℃,热解时间30 min,CaO加入量（CaO与蜈蚣草的质量比）8%; m（NaOH）∶m（Na₂CO₃）=1∶3,碱浸温度70 ℃, 碱浸时间2 h, 固液比1∶10; 沉淀反应pH 5, 沉淀反应温度70 ℃。采用该方法处理生态修复植物蜈蚣草,得到产品砷酸铜的纯度为93%,砷回收率达88%。     

基于专利的企业环境技术创新水平研究

以专利为衡量技术创新水平指标,对国内外企业环境技术创新水平的差异进行了分析.研究结果表明,1986～2005年期间,国内外企业环境技术创新水平逐年增强,不过我国企业的环境技术创新主体地位仍未建立;同国外企业相比,我国企业的原始技术创新能力不强.由于国内企业技术创新受到经济因素的影响,节约资源和清洁能源类环境技术比污染控制技术较多一些.在环境技术创新领域,无论国内还是国外,规模大、国际知名度高的企业占据了重要地位.基于我国企业仍未具备很强的环境技术创新能力,建议国家在构建环境技术创新体系时,应增加企业环境技术创新的经济、人力投入,尤其需要加强对大型企业环境技术创新的支持力度,发挥其规模效应.     

氢自养反硝化菌降解水中溴酸盐和高氯酸盐的可行性研究

基于序批式摇瓶试验考察了驯化培养出的以H2为电子供体的自养反硝化菌同步还原降解溴酸盐(Br O-3)和高氯酸盐(Cl O-4)的可行性。结果表明,活性反硝化菌利用H2为电子供体可快速降解Br O-3和Cl O-4,Br-和Cl-浓度也随反应时间不断增加,反应过程中Br O-3和Cl O-4的降解速率最高可达1.1 mg/(L·d)和0.73 mg/(L·d),当反应结束时Br O-3和Cl O-4的去除率达到98.2%和96.6%;反硝化菌对NO-3的降解率可达到100%。反硝化菌灭活处理的反应器中通入H2时,Br O-3和Cl O-4去除效率仅为11.9%和8.4%,Br-和Cl-浓度没有发生明显变化。当含活性菌的反应器中通N2时,Br O-3和Cl O-4去除率分别为18%和14%,Br-和Cl-含量少量增加。结果进一步表明,驯化培养的氢自养反硝化菌能够以H2为电子供体将Br O-3和Cl O-4同步还原降解成无毒或低毒的Br-和Cl-。这将对Br O-3和Cl O-4的生物降解技术提供一种新的思路或方法。     

Distribution of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in sediments from Yellow River Estuary and Yangtze River Estuary, China

Surface sediment samples collected from twenty-one sites of Yellow River Estuary and Yangtze River Estuary were determined for sixteen priority polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) by isotope dilution GC-MS method. The total PAH contents varied from 10.8 to 252 ng/g in Yellow River Estuary sediment, and from 84.6 to 620 ng/g in Yangtze River Estuary sediment. The mean total PAH content of Yangtze River Estuary was approximately twofold higher than that of Yellow River Estuary. The main reasons for the di erence may be the rapid industrial development and high population along Yangtze River and high silt content of Yellow River Estuary. The evaluation of PAH sources suggested that PAHs in two estuaries sediments estuaries were derived primarily from combustion sources, but minor amounts of PAHs were derived from petroleum source in Yellow River Estuary. PAHs may be primary introduced to Yellow River Estuary via dry/wet deposition, wastewater e uents, and accidental oil spills, and Yangtze River Estuary is more prone to be a ected by wastewater discharge.     

Nitrification characteristics of nitrobacteria immobilized in waterborne polyurethane in wastewater of corn-based ethanol fuel production

A technology to achieve stable and high ammonia nitrogen removal rates for corn distillery wastewater (ethanol fuel production) treatment has been designed. The characteristics of nitrifying bacteria entrapped in a waterborne polyurethane (WPU) gel carrier were evaluated after acclimation. In the acclimation period, nitrification rates of WPU-immobilized nitrobacteria were monitored and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was also carried out to investigate the change in ammonium-oxidizing bacteria. The results showed that the pellet nitrification rates increased from 21 to 228 mg-N/(L-pellet. hr) and the quantity of the ammonia oxidation bacteria increased substantially during the acclimation. A continuous ammonia removal experiment with the anaerobic pond effluent of a distillery wastewater system was conducted with immobilized nitrifying bacteria for 30 days using an 80 L airlift reactor with pellets at a fill ratio of 15% (V/V). Under the conditions of 75 mg/L influent ammonia, hydraulic retention time (HRT) of 3.7--5.6 hr, and dissolved oxygen (DO) of 4 mg/L, the effluent ammonia concentration was lower than 10 mg/L and the ammonia removal efficiency was 90%. While the highest ammonia removal rate, 162 mg-N/(L-pellet.hr), was observed when the HRT was 1.3 hr.     

In Vivo Observation of Lidocaine-Encapsulated Polymyxin/Glycol Nanoparticles Wound Dressing for the Treatment and Care of Abdominal Pain Incision in Intensive Care Unit

Journal of Polymers and the Environment - The developments of lidocaine chloride loaded nanoparticles are encouraging biomaterials, which could be used for wound healing applications for abdominal...