Economy-wide material input/output and dematerialization analysis of Jilin Province (China)

In this paper, both direct material input (DMI) and domestic processed output (DPO) of Jilin Province in 1990–2006 were calculated and then based on these two indexes, a dematerialization model was established. The main results are summarized as follows: (1) both direct material input and domestic processed output increase at a steady rate during 1990–2006, with average annual growth rates of 4.19% and 2.77%, respectively. (2) The average contribution rate of material input to economic growth is 44%, indicating that the economic growth is visibly extensive. (3) During the studied period, accumulative quantity of material input dematerialization is 11,543 × 10⁴ t and quantity of waste dematerialization is 5,987 ×10⁴ t. Moreover, dematerialization gaps are positive, suggesting that the potential of dematerialization has been well fulfilled. (4) In most years of the analyzed period, especially 2003–2006, the economic system of Jilin Province represents an unsustainable state. The accelerated economic growth relies mostly on excessive resources consumption after the Revitalization Strategy of Northeast China was launched.     

基于多模式的乌江流域径流对气候变化的响应研究

采用经统计降尺度与偏差订正的4种全球气候模式(GFDL-ESM2M,HadGEM2-ES,IPSL-CM5A-LR和MIROC5)1861 ～ 2005年的历史气候模拟试验和2006 ～ 2018年的RCP4.5情景预估资料,驱动SWAT水文模型,分析了1861～2018年乌江流域气候变化特征及其对径流的影响.同时,采用1861～2018年4种全球气候模式在工业革命前控制试验(piControl)数据,对比分析了"自然"和"人为+自然"强迫下流域气候及径流变化的差异.研究结果表明:(1)1861～2018年乌江流域平均气温呈现显著上升趋势,气温倾向率为0.03℃/10a;降水呈显著下降趋势,降水倾向率为-10.9 mm/10a.流域主要水文控制站武隆站年平均流量呈显著下降趋势,倾向率为-20.8 m3/s/10a;四季平均流量倾向率分别为-10.8、-46.1、-20.1、-5.9 m3/s/10a,均呈显著下降趋势;枯水极值流量倾向率为-7.6 m3/s/10a,丰水极值流量倾向率为-43.5 m3/s/10a,下降趋势显著.(2)"自然"强迫控制试验下,1861～2018年乌江流域年平均气温无明显变化趋势;降水则为不显著上升趋势,倾向率为1.9 mm/10a;年平均流量呈微弱上升趋势,倾向率为0.1 m3/s/10a;四季平均流量倾向率分别为-1.1、-18.6、11.0、8.9 m3/s/10a,春季平均流量不显著下降,夏季显著下降,秋季不显著上升,冬季显著上升;枯水极值流量倾向率为2.5 m3/s/10a,丰水极值流量为-9.5 m3/s/10a,变化趋势均不显著.(3)相对"自然"强迫序列,人类活动引起的气候变化导致1861 ～ 2018年乌江四季平均流量分别减少7.1％、9.7％、8.7％、11.9％;枯水与丰水极值流量分别下降9.3％和5.0％.     

活性炭纤维对气体中醋酸丁酯吸附性能的研究

通过试验选择活性炭纤维作为吸附剂,吸气气体中醋酸丁酯。对影响其吸附性能的主要因素进行了研究。     

Developing an Environmental Indicator System for Sustainable Development in China: Two Case Studies of Selected Indicators

Environmental indicator systems are a fundamental tool in quantifying the environmental component of sustainable development. They are useful because they quantify the status and trends of key environmental parameters and provide information on the environment that allows authorities and communities to make informed decisions. This article analyzes the basic framework for Chinese environmental indicator systems and presents a “core” set of environmental indicators. In our research, we used a theme approach to develop the environmental indicator systems. We performed two case studies of selected indicators. In the first, we used an urban ambient air pollution composite index and an urban ambient air pollution indicator for three main pollutants to examine trends in urban air pollution in China from 1990 to 2000 at regional and national levels. The results indicate that China has made some progress towards controlling urban air pollution, but must do more in order to reach acceptable pollution levels. We think that an aggregated index and disaggregated indicators have important complementary roles in the policy-making processes. In the second case study, we developed and constructed a grassland degradation index that aggregates information on the extent and severity of grassland degradation. Taking the Xilinhaote region of Inner Mongolia as the study area, we calculated this index by combining remote-sensing data, a geographical information system (GIS), and field investigation. Based on these results, we provide recommendations regarding further development and measurement of environmental indicators in China.     

酸雨致酸土壤对小麦幼苗若干营养代谢的影响

通过模拟酸雨淋洗土壤,造成土壤酸化和盐基流失.将小麦幼苗栽培于由酸雨致酸的土壤,其体内的碳素代谢和氮素代谢受到抑制,从而导致体内可溶性糖含量和含N量下降.其中致酸土壤对根系碳素代谢和氮素代谢的抑制作用大于对茎叶碳素代谢和氮素代谢的抑制作用.表4参23     

活性炭吸附对生化出水中不同种类有机物的去除效果

研究活性炭吸附对城市污水生化出水中疏水酸、非酸疏水物质、弱疏水物质及亲水物质的去除效果,在静态吸附实验中,当活性炭投加量为0.3g·l-1时,达到吸附平衡后,对DOC和UV254的去除率可分别达到54%和76%,同时能够完全消除生化出水的生物毒性,活性炭吸附对疏水酸和亲水物质均有良好的去除效果,其DOC去除率分别达到50%和80%,对非酸疏水物质和弱疏水物质去除率相对稍低,DOC去除率分别为29%和28%,活性炭吸附对有机物的亲疏水性没有明显偏好.     

Antibiotic contamination control mediated by manganese oxidizing bacteria in a lab-scale biofilter

Antibiotic micro-pollution is usually found at the ng/L–level in drinking water sources or discharge water of wastewater treatment plants. In this study, a novel approach mediated by manganese oxidizing bacteria (MnOB) in a biofilter was developed to control the pollution. The results indicated that the biogenic manganese oxide (MnO_x) produced during the oxidation of the feeding manganese ions could coat the surface of the filtering sand effecting the simultaneous removal of antibiotics. It was found that the removal of antibiotics is insured as long as the feeding manganese was well removed and was not influenced by the hydraulic loading. The growth rate of the MnOB group revealed that the antibiotic concentration at 50 and 100 ng/L promoted their activity, but it was inhibited at 500 and 1000 ng/L. The structure of the bacterial community was stable in the presence of antibiotics (50 ng/L), but their extracellular processes changed. The removal performance of the feeding manganese seemed to relate to the extracellular processes of the dominant bacterial genus. Moreover, the freshly formed MnO_x was a buserite-like material that was rich in Mn(III) and Mn(IV) (94.1%), favoring the degradation. The biofilter did not generate additional antibiotic resistant genes in the presence of antibiotics.     

A/O工艺膜生物反应器处理生活污水的脱氮特性及硝化菌群的分子检测

采用A/O工艺膜生物反应器(MBR),以生活污水为处理对象,考察了系统的脱氮特性,并采用聚合酶链式反应-变性梯度凝胶电泳(PCR-DGGE)与荧光原位杂交(FISH)技术对系统中硝化菌群进行了分子检测.结果表明,A/O工艺MBR处理生活污水,TN去除率在85%左右,NH3-N去除率在95%以上;DGGE图谱显示,随着系统运行时间的延长,硝化菌群数量逐渐增加,并且不同菌种的丰度也发生了变化;FISH检测显示,系统中硝化菌的优势菌种为氨氧化菌和亚硝酸氧化菌.应用Motic Fluo 1.0软件对FISH结果进行分析,结果显示,系统运行初期到末期,氨氧化菌占硝化菌的比例一直保持在25%左右;亚硝酸氧化菌占硝化菌的比例由系统运行初期的35%逐渐增加到系统运行末期的55%左右.     

鄱阳湖沉积物中多环芳烃的时空分布及源解析

对鄱阳湖沉积物中16种多环芳烃（PAHs）含量、时空分布及影响因素进行了研究,并对湖体不同区域的PAHs进行定量源解析.PAHs在沉积物中广泛存在,所有点位表层沉积物中ω （∑₁₆PAHs）范围为203~2 318 μg·kg^-1,其中湖体表层沉积物中PAHs含量高于入湖河流表层沉积物中PAHs含量.鄱阳湖PAHs环数比例大小依次排列为：4环>5环>6环>3环>2环,4环PAHs组成占主导地位,其含量占∑₁₆PAHs的比例高达86.11%.2~3环以及部分4环PAHs包括Flua和Pyr更容易受到SOM的影响,4~6环PAHs更容易受到ORP及重金属等环境因子的影响.在空间分布上,∑₁₆PAHs的较高含量位于湖体邻近都昌县与鄱阳县区域,此区域地形相对封闭,与周围区域水流交换量小,不利于污染物的迁移、转化及降解.在时间分布上,PAHs含量水平的变化与江西省GDP的发展呈现出高度一致性,经济发展和人类活动影响可能是导致PAHs含量水平不断增加的主要原因.鄱阳湖表层沉积物PAHs的主要来源包括石油污染及石油、煤炭和生物质燃烧源,不同区域PAHs来源存在一定的空间差异.本研究可为鄱阳湖表层沉积物中PAHs污染情况提供参考,对鄱阳湖生态环境保护和治理具有重要意义.     

碳中和植物降污固碳及其机制研究进展

在经济发展和生态承载的双重制约下,我国实现碳中和碳达峰需要探索更多的技术手段.植物是构建陆地和海洋碳汇体系的重要载体,同时植物修复技术也是治理环境污染的一种科学手段.然而,目前的研究大多集中在植物降污（包括降低环境介质中的污染物浓度和降解污染物两个方面）或植物固碳单一方面,而没有考虑植物降污固碳的双重效益.为挖掘植物的碳中和效应,从碳中和植物入手,深入阐述碳中和植物的降污固碳效应及其进展,评估碳中和植物与其他生物（比如动物、土壤微生物）以及环境功能材料的降污固碳潜力,并对碳中和植物与动物、微生物以及环境功能材料与生态系统协同耦合降污固碳效应的机制进行探究.最后,对碳中和植物降污固碳效应的未来研究方向提出了建设性的展望.