长江流域湿地现状与变化遥感研究

湿地与湿地环境问题早已引起国际与国家层面的高度关注。基于多时相卫星遥感数据（MSS、TM/ETM、CBERS 02等），以ERDAS、ARCGIS、MAPGIS等软件为平台，在长江流域系统开展了1975、2000、2007年等不同时相湿地遥感信息提取、编图及以次级流域为单元的统计分析，全面掌握长江流域主要湿地类型、面积、结构、分布现状以及30余a的湿地变化规律，分析其自然及人类地质营力作用机制，研究其变化态势，为流域内国土资源的合理开发利用提供大区域基础资料。结果表明：长江流域湿地现状总面积为7931 9×104 km2，其中河流、湖泊、沼泽、人工湿地各占4233%、2093%、1853%、1821%；湿地类型发育齐全，空间分布广，但次级流域或局域湿地分布严重不匀且[JP2]类型结构不全；从1975~2007年的30余a，湖泊湿地总量消减889×102 km2，沼泽湿地消减591[JP]×102 km2，河流湿地增加350×102 km2，人工湿地增加了6302×103 km2，湿地总量累计增加了5172×103 km2；湿地变化方式主要是面积的增减和类型的转换，变化受制于自然与人类活动地质营力共同作用；湿地变化阶段性特征明显，2000年前为湿地不良变化期，2000年后为良性缓变期，长江流域湿地环境表现为总体趋好、局域问题较多态势     

硝化反硝化过程中N_2O释放影响因素

结合N2O的产生机理,分析温度、含水率、NO2--N和底物质量浓度、pH和碱度、O2以及基质等因素对N2O释放的影响,试图探讨不同因素对N2O释放的影响规律,以期对生化过程中N2O的控制提供理论和技术支持。N2O的释放是温度、含水率、C/N、O2浓度、反应底物质量浓度、基质以及传输过程交互作用的结果。含水率、C/N、基质及温度等可通过不同途径影响溶解氧的质量浓度而影响N2O释放量;pH、NO2--N、NH3-N及温度等通过影响硝化、反硝化细菌的活性或对各阶段酶的抑制作用而影响N2O释放;土壤利用类型、植被种类、污水脱氮过程各参数等,会间接影响硝化和反硝化过程从而影响N2O的释放。     

Effects of fulvic substances on the distribution and migration of Hg in landfill leachate

Mercury (Hg) distribution and migration in different landfill stabilization processes were evaluated in this study. Wide ranges of Hg concentrations were observed because of the heterogeneity and variability of landfill refuse. In addition, temporally variable conditions, including pH, organic matter, and vegetation cover, which influence Hg migration in landfills, may also affect the temporal distribution of Hg in landfill refuse. The main fraction of Hg, elemental Hg, decreased with time, while the stable fractions of Hg increased. The fulvic acid (FA) extracted from the landfill leachate had much lower overall Hg-complexation stability constants, which suggests that organic S groups might have been rapidly saturated by small amounts of Hg while leaving oxygen functional groups, such as carboxylic functional or phenolic groups, acting as the primary binding sites for Hg.     

气溶胶在全混通风小室中浓度衰减的试验研究

研究了通风小室内不同粒径气溶胶颗粒(0.3 ～ 0.5 μm、0.5～1μm、1～2μm以及2～5 μm)的沉积率在6种典型室内换气次数(6.51h-1、7.81 h-1、9.11 h-1、10.42 h-1、11.72 h-1以及13.02 h-1)下的变化情况.采用安装Laskin喷嘴的QRJ-1型气溶胶发生器产生气溶胶颗粒,使用BCJ - 1D型激光尘埃粒子计数器测量室内一点的气溶胶颗粒浓度变化.结果表明,在上述6种换气次数下,气溶胶浓度的衰减均与时间近似呈对数关系.相同换气次数下,气溶胶颗粒的沉积率随着粒径的增加而增加;对于同一粒径颗粒,气溶胶的沉积率随着换气次数的增加而增加.换气次数在9.11 h-1以下时,增加换气次数对颗粒沉积率的影响显著;换气次数在9.11 h-1以上时,增加换气次数对颗粒沉积率的影响较小.在较小的换气次数下,颗粒沉积率的增加快于换气次数的增加;而在较大的换气次数下,增加换气次效时,颗粒沉积率的增加速度与换气次数基本一致,而颗粒被排风带走的比例较稳定.     

Fe(VI)/Fenton联合体系氧化降解菲的路径及机理

Fe（VI）/Fenton联合体系降解多环芳烃的效果良好,但其机理及降解路径仍需进一步被探究.采用荧光及GC-MS技术,考察弱酸条件下Fe（VI）降解菲的效果,并对比中性及碱性条件研究其氧化机理,进而分析Fe（VI）/Fenton联合体系对菲的作用机理及菲的降解路径.结果表明,弱酸条件下Fe（VI）氧化菲时,·OH参与反应较少,起氧化作用的可能为中间高价态铁.在该条件下,Fe（VI）对菲的降解效果稍差于中性及碱性,但此时Fe（VI）的高氧化性能可提高菲的矿化效果.联合氧化体系中,菲逐步被氧化、羟基化、脱碳、加氢而最终转化为CO₂和H₂O,主要的中间产物为邻苯二甲酸酯衍生物和9-芴甲醛衍生物.联合氧化体系可合理利用Fe（VI）氧化过程中产生的Fe（II）,并发挥高价态铁与·OH在氧化性能上的优势,实现对菲及产物的降解与矿化.     

Nitric oxide removal by wastewater bacteria in a biotrickling filter

Nitric oxide(NO) is one of the most important air pollutants in atmosphere mainly emitted from combustion source. A biotrickling filter was designed and operated to remove NO from an air stream using bacteria extracted from the sewage sludge of a municipal sewage treatment plant. To obtain the best operation conditions for the biotrickling filter, orthogonal experiments(L9(34)) were designed. Inlet oxygen concentration was found to be the most significant factor of the biotrickling filter and has a significant negative effect on the system. The optimal conditions of the biotrickling filter occurred at a temperature of 40℃, a pH of 8.0 and a chemical oxygen demand of 165 mg/L in the recycled water with no oxygen in the system. The bacteria sample was detected by DNA sequencing technology and showed 93%–98% similarity to Pseudomonas mendocina. Moreover, a full gene sequencing results indicated the bacterium was a brand new strain and named as P. mendocina DLHK. This strain can transfer nitrate to organic nitrogen. The result suggested the assimilation nitrogen process in this system. Through the isotope experimental analysis, two intermediate products(15NO and 15N2O) were found. The results indicated the denitrification function and capability of the biotrickling filter in removing NO.     

美国自助加油安全法规浅析及国内现状分析

回顾了自助加油的发展历程,对美国的自助加油安全法规进行了分析,针对目前我国自助加油存在的问题,提出了建议。     

开关柜局部放电综合检测方法的研究与应用

针对开关柜局部放电检测环境复杂,故障信号定位时间长,准确性差的问题,结合现场实际进行分析研究,提出了基于特高频(Ultra High Frequency,UHF)、暂态地电压(TransientEarth Voltages,TEV)和超声波等检测技术的开关柜局部放电综合检测方法。应用结果表明:综合检测方法能避免干扰信号对检测结果分析判断的影响,快速、有效地检测出开关柜局部放电缺陷。     

Temperature dependence of the heterogeneous uptake of acrylic acid on Arizona test dust

In this study, the temperature dependence of the heterogeneous uptake of acrylic acid on Arizona test dust(ATD) has been investigated within a temperature range of 255–315 K using a Knudsen cell reactor. Combined with diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy(DRIFTS) experiment, it was found that acrylic acid could adsorb on ATD via surface OH groups and convert to carboxylate on the particle surface. The kinetics study suggests that the initial true uptake coefficient(γt) of acrylic acid on ATD decreases from(4.02 ± 0.12) × 10~(-5) to(1.73 ± 0.05) × 10~/(-5)with a temperature increase from 255 to315 K. According to the temperature dependence of uptake coefficients, the enthalpy(ΔH obs)and entropy(ΔS obs) of uptake processes were determined to be-(9.60 ± 0.38) KJ/mol and-(121.55 ± 1.33) J·K/mol, respectively. The activation energy for desorption(E des) was calculated to be(14.57 ± 0.60) KJ/mol. These results indicated that the heterogeneous uptake of acrylic acid on ATD surface was sensitive to temperature. The heterogeneous uptake on ATD could affect the concentration of acrylic acid in the atmosphere, especially at low temperature.     

Response of gaseous carbon emissions to low-level salinity increase in tidal marsh ecosystem of the Min River estuary, southeastern China

Although estuarine tidal marshes are important contributors to the emission of greenhouse gases into the atmosphere, the relationship between carbon dioxide(CO_2), methane(CH_4)emission, and environmental factors, with respect to estuarine marshes, has not been clarified thoroughly. This study investigated the crucial factors controlling the emission of CO_2 and CH_4from a freshwater marsh and a brackish marsh located in a subtropical estuary in southeastern China, as well as their magnitude. The duration of the study period was November 2013 to October 2014. Relevant to both the field and incubation experiments, the CO_2 and CH_4emissions from the two marshes showed pronounced seasonal variations. The CO_2 and CH_4emissions from both marshes demonstrated significant positive correlations with the air/soil temperature(p 0.01), but negative correlations with the soil electrical conductivity and the pore water/tide water Cl-and SO_4~(2-)(p 0.01). The results indicate no significant difference in the CO_2 emissions between the freshwater and brackish marshes in the subtropical estuary, whereas there was a difference in the CH_4 emissions between the two sites(p 0.01). Although future sea-level rise and saltwater intrusion could reduce the CH_4 emissions from the estuarine freshwater marshes, these factors had little effect on the CO_2 emissions with respect to an increase in salinity of less than 5‰. The findings of this study could have important implications for estimating the global warming contributions of estuarine marshes along differing salinity gradients.