新型曝气式清洁等离子体技术降解水中的苯酚

苯酚类化合物是一类毒性较强的有机污染物,对生态环境影响较大,研究了近几年新兴的一种等离子体降解水处理技术降解苯酚的效果,比较了接地极曝气式反应器和放电极曝气式反应器,考察了多种因素对曝气式高压脉冲放电等离子体降解水中苯酚效果的影响,结果表明:提高脉冲电压峰值和放电频率、减小气体的流量和针板间距等均可提高降解效果.接地极曝气式反应器和放电极曝气式反应器的最佳参数分别为:空气流量旦Q=18 m3·h-1,放电电压±20 kV,放电频率100 Hz,5mm极板间距;空气流量Q=0.032 m3·h-1,放电电压±18 kV,放电频率50 Hz,5mm极板间距.苯酚最高降解率分别能达到68.7%和40.1%.     

云南稻核心种质F2主要形态性状变异及地理生态研究

种质资源是水稻育种的重要基因来源.掌握育种材料遗传背景信息,可为发掘优异种质,选育优良性状新品种提供依据.以548份云南稻核心种和云南主栽籼稻品利慎屯502(Oryza satica)、粳稻品种合系35(Oryzasatica)配制的杂种F2(498份)为材料,采用群体遗传学的方法,研究云南稻核心种质杂种F2代的11个形态性状的综合变异系数、遗传多样性指数(Shannon指数)及其地理分布.结果表明:(1)F2存在明显的性状分化和遗传变异,以有效穗、穗颈长、穗下节长、每穗实粒数、秕粒数、总粒数和结实率的综合变异系数高,遗传多样性丰富;(2)滇西南(临沧、思茅、德宏、西双版纳)和滇东南(文山、红河)的材料在表型性状上存在更大的分化,综合变异系数高,遗传多样性丰富;保山、昭通、曲靖次之;怒江、丽江、迪庆、大理最低.     

海泡石、膨润土改性壳聚糖对景观水絮凝效果的研究

壳聚糖及海泡石、膨润土均是纯天然、无害物质,利用海泡石、膨润土等粘土改性壳聚糖制备生态絮凝剂是絮凝剂发展的重要方向,将其应用于景观水的治理,可以有效地改善景观水的观赏性.以苏州艺圃园林景观水为例,研究了两种改性絮凝剂的絮凝效果.苏州艺圃园林景观水内藻类以绿藻Chlorphyta为主,鉴于景观水的特殊观赏性,以浊度大小设定正交试验,得出了投放量、配比、醋酸用量、搅拌时间的最优值.试验证明海泡石、膨润土均对壳聚糖絮凝产生矾花的密实度和分形维数[1]有明显的增强效果,膨润土效果略好,克服了壳聚糖分子量较小、吸附架桥能力差、矾花不够密实的缺点.在最优条件下,这两种改性后的絮凝剂可使水样浊度降至5 NTU以下,叶绿素a的去除率达93％以上,明显好于单独使用壳聚糖絮凝剂的情况.随原水浊度的增加,浊度去除率缓慢减小,pH值在7.5～8.5之间浊度去除率最高,温度对絮凝效果影响不大.试验表明壳聚糖及海泡石、膨润土两种改性絮凝剂对景观水的治理和生态絮凝剂的制备具有指导意义.     

Fenton试剂氧化法修复2,4-二氯酚污染土壤的研究

在泥浆体系中采用Fenton试剂氧化法修复2,4-二氯酚(2,4-DCP)污染的土壤.在恒温、避光条件下,研究2,4-DCP在泥浆体系中的解吸作用,并考察过氧化氢、硫酸亚铁、pH值、水土比、磷酸二氢钾、腐殖酸(HA)等因素对2,4-二氯酚去除效率的影响.试验结果显示,2,4-DCP在泥浆体系中有较高的解吸速率;2,4-DCP的解吸效率与水土比有关,水土比越大,解吸效率越高.研究表明:Fenton试剂氧化法能够有效地去除土壤中的2,4-DCP,过氧化氢和铁的最佳质量比为5:1,最佳pH值范围为2-3;水土比越大,2,4-DCP的去除效果越好;在pH=3时,磷酸二氢钾浓度、腐殖酸投加量和催化剂种类对2,4-DCP的去除效率影响很小.     

煤炭生物脱硫正交实验研究

通过对取自城门山,杨桃坞,德兴和云南的嗜酸氧化亚铁硫杆菌(Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans)的生理活性的研究比较,选取了氧化活性较好的德兴菌种做正交试验.应用正交试验的方法研究了浸出时间,煤浆质量分数,pH值和接种量这4个因素的组合作用对煤炭生物脱硫效果的影响.对试验结果进行极差分析和方差分析,结果表明各因素对脱硫效果的影响有很大差异.在所研究因素的水平范围内,浸出时间对煤脱硫效率的影响最为显著,影响率达到74.21%;pH值对煤脱硫效率的影响也很显著,影响率为16.80%;接种量对煤脱硫效率的影响较为显著的,其影响率仅为5.27%;煤浆质量分数对脱硫效率的影响率最低,仅为1.78%.通过对正交试验的实验结果的直接观察,极差分析和方差分析,获得了三个可能的最优方案.其中通过实验结果直接观察得到的最优方案的脱硫率可达63.80%.     

驯化的活性污泥强化降解土壤中氯酚的研究

以接种驯化的活性污泥为生物强化手段,在小型生物泥浆反应器中,研究了受氯酚污染土壤的修复情况.考查了添加驯化活性污泥对土壤中氯酚降解的强化效果,并对土壤中邻氯苯酚(2-CP)、对氯苯酚(4-CP)和2,4-二氯酚(2,4-DCP)在单一污染体系中的降解情况进行了研究.结果表明,在生物泥浆反应器中添加用邻氯苯酚(2-CP)驯化的活性污泥可以明显地促进土壤泥浆中2-CP的降解,是一种有效的强化手段.该方法对土壤中的4-CP和2,4-DCP也有较好的降解效果,对三种氯酚的降解速率由大到小的顺序为2-CP,4-CP,2,4-DCP.反应结束时,泥浆体系中剩余的氯酚基本都残留在土壤中,固液分离后的水相可以直接排放或者在土壤修复过程中循环利用.     

香樟根际土壤化感作用的初步研究

化感作用是农林复合生态系统中作物相互作用的重要方式,它有十分重要的经济、生态意义.该研究采用常规水浸提方法制备不同浓度的香樟(Cinnamomum camphora (L.) Presl.)根际土壤水浸提液,用生物测定法测定其对萝卜(Raphanus sativus L.)、红苋菜(Amaranthus mangosfanus L.)和荠菜(Capsella bursa-pastoris (L.) Medic.)的种子萌发和幼苗生长的化感作用.结果表明,浸提液浓度不同,其化感效应不同,受体植物不同,化感效应差别也较大,具体表现为,浓度较低时,化感作用较小,对萝卜根生长起促进作用,随着溶液浓度的增大化感抑制作用逐渐增强,大致表现出低促高抑的规律;萝卜受化感作用抑制作用较其他两种蔬菜小.通过研究可得出结论:香樟对蔬菜有较强的化感作用,香樟林地发展林-菜复合种植一定要选择合适的蔬菜种类和科学的管理措施.     

Air pollution characteristics and their relationship with emissions and meteorology in the Yangtze River Delta region during 2014–2016

With rapid economic growth and urbanization, the Yangtze River Delta(YRD) region in China has experienced serious air pollution challenges. In this study, we analyzed the air pollution characteristics and their relationship with emissions and meteorology in the YRD region during 2014–2016. In recent years, the concentrations of all air pollutants, except O_3,decreased. Spatially, the PM_(2.5), PM_(10), SO_2, and CO concentrations were higher in the northern YRD region, and NO_2 and O_3 were higher in the central YRD region. Based on the number of non-attainment days(i.e., days with air quality index greater than 100), PM_(2.5) was the largest contributor to air pollution in the YRD region, followed by O_3, PM_(10), and NO_2.However, particulate matter pollution has declined gradually, while O_3 pollution worsened.Meteorological conditions mainly influenced day-to-day variations in pollutant concentrations. PM_(2.5) concentration was inversely related to wind speed, while O_3 concentration was positively correlated with temperature and negatively correlated with relative humidity.The air quality improvement in recent years was mainly attributed to emission reductions.During 2014–2016, PM_(2.5), PM_(10), SO_2, NO_x, CO, NH_3, and volatile organic compound(VOC)emissions in the YRD region were reduced by 26.3%, 29.2%, 32.4%, 8.1%, 15.9%, 4.5%, and0.3%, respectively. Regional transport also contributed to the air pollution. During regional haze periods, pollutants from North China and East China aggravated the pollution in the YRD region. Our findings suggest that emission reduction and regional joint prevention and control helped to improve the air quality in the YRD region.     

HCFCs和HFCs对流层寿命的预测

利用Ｃ－Ｈ键的Ｍｕｌｌｉｋｏｎ键重叠布局数，对甲烷的不完全氟氯取代物的对流层寿命用公式作了计算。对传统的人工神经网络法－反向传递算法作了改进。在电荷这一量化参数基础上，用ＡＮＮ法对一碳和二碳的ＨＣＦＣｓ和ＨＦＣｓ的对流层寿命作了预测。     

Magnetotactic bacteria: Characteristics and environmental applications

• Magnetotactic bacteria (MTB) synthesize magnetic nanoparticle within magnetosomes. • The morphologic and phylogenetic diversity of MTB were summarized. • Isolation and mass cultivation of MTB deserve extensive research for applications. • MTB can remove heavy metals, radionuclides, and organic pollutants from wastewater. Magnetotactic bacteria (MTB) are a group of Gram-negative prokaryotes that respond to the geomagnetic field. This unique property is attributed to the intracellular magnetosomes, which contains membrane-bound nanocrystals of magnetic iron minerals. This review summarizes the most recent advances in MTB, magnetosomes, and their potential applications especially the environmental pollutant control or remediation. The morphologic and phylogenetic diversity of MTB were first introduced, followed by a critical review of isolation and cultivation methods. Past research has devoted to optimize the factors, such as oxygen, carbon source, nitrogen source, nutrient broth, iron source, and mineral elements for the growth of MTB. Besides the applications of MTB in modern biological and medical fields, little attention was made on the environmental applications of MTB for wastewater treatment, which has been summarized in this review. For example, applications of MTB as adsorbents have resulted in a novel magnetic separation technology for removal of heavy metals or organic pollutants in wastewater. In addition, we summarized the current advance on pathogen removal and detection of endocrine disruptor which can inspire new insights toward sustainable engineering and practices. Finally, the new perspectives and possible directions for future studies are recommended, such as isolation of MTB, genetic modification of MTB for mass production and new environmental applications. The ultimate objective of this review is to promote the applications of MTB and magnetosomes in the environmental fields.