油气田温室气体清单编制的作法

从温室气体统计边界确定、活动水平数据收集、排放量统计到编制形成石油企业需要的温室气体清单,介绍了石油企业温室气体清单编制中,做好编制工作的一些做法,为石油企业实现温室气体减排和控制工作奠定基础。     

Ca2+、Mg2+共存对SBR工艺生物脱氮和微生物群落结构的影响

为了研究共存的硬度金属离子在废水生物处理中的作用,在进水Ca~(2+)为1.1 mmol·L~(-1)的条件下,通过改变Mg~(2+)的浓度,考察Ca~(2+)/Mg~(2+)物质的量比对SBR工艺污染物去除和微生物群落的影响,采用高通量测序技术分析微生物优势种群的变化,以期从微生物角度明确Ca~(2+)、Mg~(2+)共存对生物脱氮的影响机制.结果表明:当Ca~(2+)/Mg~(2+)物质的量比分别为2、1和0.5时,COD去除率由88%分别升高至90%、91%和93%;NH~+_4-N去除率由74%分别升高至91%、93%和96%;TN去除率由44%分别升高至58%、62%和69%.随着进水Ca~(2+)/Mg~(2+)物质的量比的降低,微生物群落的丰富度升高,Ca~(2+)/Mg~(2+)物质的量比为2的微生物群落结构与Ca~(2+)/Mg~(2+)物质的量比为1和0.5的微生物群落结构差异显著.变形菌门、拟杆菌门和放线菌门一直为SBR工艺的优势菌门,有利于有机污染物的去除.参与脱氮过程的Niabella和Dechloromonas在反应器内富集,保证了良好的脱氮效果.Ca~(2+)/Mg~(2+)物质的量比的降低促进了有机物和总氮的去除及微生物多样性的提高.     

TiO2/Schwertmannite nanocomposites as superior co-catalysts in heterogeneous photo-Fenton process

The heterogeneous photo-Fenton reaction is an effective technique in combating organic contaminants for both soil and water remediation,and extensive studies have focused on enhancing its efficiency and reducing its costs.In this work,we developed novel photoFenton catalysts by simply milling commercially available TiO_2(P25)with Schwertmannite(Sh),a natural iron-oxyhydroxysulfate nanomineral.We expect that the photo-generated electrons from TiO_2could continuously migrate to Sh,which then could enhance the separation of electron-hole pairs on TiO_2and accelerate the reduction of Fe(III)to Fe(II)on Sh,leading to high degradation efficiency of the target organic contaminants.SEM and TEM results showed the distribution of TiO_2on Sh surface for the nanocomposites(TiO_2/Sh).Under simulated sunlight irradiation,the much higher content of Fe(II)was determined on TiO_2/Sh than on Sh via a common method in the iron ore,and the consumption of H_2O_2and the production of·OH were more significant in the TiO_2/Sh system than those in the TiO_2and Sh systems.These results well support our hypothesis that the photo-generated electrons could migrate from TiO_2to Sh on the composites,and can also explain the much higher degradation efficiency of Rhodamine B(RhB)in the TiO_2/Sh system.Besides,TiO_2/Sh had lower Fe dissolution as compared with Sh,and retained high catalytic stability after four repeated cycles.Above merits of the TiO_2/Sh composites,in combining with their simple synthesis method and low-cost property,indicated that they should have promising applications as heterogeneous photo-Fenton catalysts.     

洪湖湿地鹭科鸟类组织中有机氯农药的分布特征及风险评价

利用气相色谱-电子俘获检测器(GC-ECD)测定了洪湖鹭科鸟类(包括白鹭、池鹭)的胸脯肌肉、肝脏组织中的有机氯农药(OCPs)的含量.结果显示,鹭科鸟体内六六六(HCHs)、滴滴涕(DDTs)、六氯代苯、艾氏剂、七氯、环氧七氯等大部分有机氯农药均有检出.白鹭肌肉组织中HCHs和DDTs的含量范围分别为:11.3—89.4 ng.g-1和162—2149 ng.g-1(以脂重计,下同),平均值分别为37.3 ng.g-1和943 ng.g-1;肝脏组织中HCHs和DDTs的含量范围分别为:3.73—30.6 ng.g-1和280—957 ng.g-1,平均值分别为14.6 ng.g-1和566 ng.g-1.池鹭肌肉组织中HCHs和DDTs的含量范围分别为:3.61—25.8 ng.g-1和68.4—261 ng.g-1,平均值分别为11.5 ng.g-1和189 ng.g-1;肝脏组织中HCHs和DDTs的含量范围分别为:6.63—18.9 ng.g-1和147—1305 ng.g-1,平均值分别为13.1 ng.g-1和553 ng.g-1.统计分析显示,HCHs和DDTs在洪湖鹭科鸟组织中的含量差异均不显著(P>0.05).分析结果表明,洪湖湿地系统可作为有机氯污染的潜在源区,而候鸟可成为有机污染物在繁殖地与越冬地之间的传输介质.洪湖地区鹭鸟体内有机氯污染与全球其它地区相比处于较低水平,有机氯农药尚未对本区鸟类产生威胁.     

基于多要素大气延迟改正的InSAR地面沉降监测研究

同区域不同期SAR数据时间的大气延迟差异是影响SAR干涉测量的最主要因素之一.以北京主城区作为研究区域,综合地形和气象要素,将BP神经网络技术用于GPS对流层延迟内插,并用于InSAR大气延迟改正研究.实验证明,经与GPS沉降量相比较,该方法优于克里金插值法,大气延迟双差改正结果用于InSAR大气效应改善,可有效提高InSAR处理精度.     

气象水文因子对呼伦湖湿地区域植物气候生产潜力的影响

利用呼伦湖湿地50年的气象资料、水文资料和生态环境监测资料,采用迈阿密模型及回归统计分析方法,分析了气象水文因子对呼伦湖湿地区域植物气候生产潜力的影响,结果表明,①50年来该湿地植物气候生产潜力变化趋势总体为下降趋势,减少的气候倾向率为每10年157.7 kg·km-2,峰值时段为1970—1990年,两个谷值时段为1961—1969年、1991—2010年,最大值和最小值与降水量出现的最多值和最少值一一对应。②在15个气象水文因子中有年降水量、年蒸散量、生长季径流量、春季大风日数、水位、春季平均风速、年大风日数、水域面积8个因子达到显著性检验（P〈0.150～0.001）,上述8个因子的排序也是与湿地区域植物气候生产潜力相关程度由大到小的排序。综述表明,呼伦湖湿地区域呈暖干化趋势,并且干旱灾害比较严重,是限制气候生产潜力的重要原因。③气象水文因子协同作用对该湿地区域植物气候生产潜力的影响较大,复相关系数为-0.997,年蒸散量与年平均气温、年降水量、生长季径流量和水位因子对湿地区域植物气候生产潜力的贡献相反,随其减少或增加,湿地区域植物气候生产潜力变化率增加或减少149.7 kg·hm-2。可以看出,该湿地气象水文因子的匹配并不理想,暖干化趋势依然是制约该区光能利用率低下的重要原因。④该湿地区域植物现实的生产力远未达到气候生产潜力,约有近60%的潜力可以开发;光能利用率较小的主要原因：一是现有的生态保护、修复技术及管理水平还比较落后,二是该区域暖干化趋势显著;而提高气候资源利用率的有效途径是加大保护生态环境力度和积极实施人工增雨、节水灌溉工程。     

健全和完善我国危险品安全评价制度的对策研究

本文通过阐述我国安全评价制度实施现状和危险品安全评价特点,剖析了当前危险品安全评价中存在的主要问题,探讨了危险品安全评价亟需改进和完善的内容,并从健全危险品安全评价制度和保证安全评价质量等角度提出了对策建议。     

污水中化学需氧量速测法条件优化与实践

介绍了速测法测定污水中COD的方法。通过对该方法使用参数的优化选择,对优化前后结果进行了多次验证;对经典的重铬酸钾氧化滴定法与速测法进行了方法比对实验和对比实验,取得良好的效果,提高了准确度。     

Effects of eggshell addition on calcium-deficient acid soils contaminated with heavy metals

The eggshell was used to remediate the contaminated soil by heavy metals. The eggshell addition decreased the available state of the heavy metals. The available calcium in the soil increased due to eggshell addition. The efficiency was investigated in different moisture conditions. In this study, effects of water conditions (flooded, wet, or dry) and eggshell dosages (0, 0.1, 1.0, and 10.0 g/kg soil, respectively) on pH variation, content of unavailable state of heavy metals, form of heavy metals, and available nutritious element calcium (Ca) in acid soils contaminated with heavy metals were investigated, respectively. The soil samples were continuously cultivated indoors and analyzed by toxicity characteristic leaching procedure and community bureau of reference (BCR) sequential extraction procedure. The results showed that the addition of eggshell could effectively improve the pH of acid soil and increase it to neutral level. Moreover, the contents of unavailable state of heavy metals Cu, Zn, and Cd increased significantly. Furthermore, when the soil was cultivated under the flooded condition with 1.0 g/kg eggshell, the unavailable state of Cu, Zn, and Cd increased the most, and these heavy metals were transformed into residual state. On the other hand, the amount of available state of Ca increased to 432.19 from 73.34 mg/kg with the addition of 1.0 g/kg eggshell, which indicated that the addition of eggshell dramatically improved the available state of Ca. Therefore, eggshell could ameliorate the soil environment as it led to the decrease of available heavy metals and improvement of fertilization effectively. In a word, this study indicates that the addition of eggshell would be a new potential method for remediation of acid field soils contaminated with heavy metals.