组合阳极联合气体扩散阴极电催化降解苯胺

采用气体扩散电极为阴极,钛基氧化物（Ti／SnO2-Sb2O5-IrO2）和金属铁构成组合阳极,构建了新型电化学氧化体系用于降解有机污染物。利用该氧化体系,在不同实验条件下考察了苯胺降解的效果与降解过程的相关规律。结果表明,阴极电位、铁阳极通电时间以及苯胺初始浓度均显著影响苯胺的降解效果。当阴极电位为-0．7V,pH3．0,铁阳极通电时间20min时,电化学处理200mg／L苯胺480min,TOC的去除效率达到80．4％,矿化电流效率（MCE）为8．6％,显示了该氧化体系具有良好的有机物降解能力。此外,苯胺降解过程中氨氮和硝态氮浓度的变化表明,苯胺分子中的氮主要转化为NH4和NO3^-。     

Correlations between physicochemical properties of PAHs and their distribution in soil, moss and reindeer dung at Ny-Ålesund of the Arctic

Concentrations of 16 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in soil, moss and reindeer dung collected at Ny-Ålesund of the Arctic were measured to investigate their accumulation trends and distribution in the three compartments. Compared with the other regions, the proportions of 2 + 3 ring PAHs to the total PAHs were higher, whereas the proportions of 5 + 6 ring PAHs were lower in the three compartments at Ny-Ålesund. Significant log/log-linear relationship was observed between the sub-cooled liquid vapor pressure and the soil/moss quotient (Q_SM). The relation was similar to the relationship between the gas/particle partition coefficient (K_P) and of PAHs, implying Q_SM would be a “mirror image” of K_P. Excellent log/log-linear relationships were observed between Q_SM and K_OA as well as between the moss/dung quotient (Q_MD) and K_OW. The results presented here indicate the physicochemical properties are suitable for characterizing the distribution of PAHs in soil, moss and reindeer dung.     

Characteristics of real-world vehicular emissions in Chinese cities

On-board emission measurements were performed on 49 light-duty gasoline vehicles in seven cities of China. Vehicle-specific power mode distribution and emission characteristics were analyzed based on the data collected. The results of our study show that there were significant differences in different types of roads. The emission factors and fuel consumption rates on arterial roads and residential roads were approximately 1.4-2 times those on freeways. The carbon monoxide, hydrocarbon, and nitrogen oxides emission factors of Euro II vehicles were on average 86.2, 88.2, and 64.5% lower than those of carburetor vehicles, respectively. The new vehicle emission standards implemented in China had played an important role in reducing individual vehicle emissions. More comprehensive measures need to be considered to reduce the total amount of emissions from vehicles.     

Bioavailability to grains of rice of aged and fresh DDD and DDE in soils

DDT had been widely used around the world before 1980s and is still under production and use for non-agricultural purposes in China. Because of their special physicochemical properties, p,p'-DDT and its main metabolites, p,p'-DDD and p,p'-DDE, accumulated and persisted in the environment, presenting potential menace on biota. A green-house study was conducted to determine the bioavailability of p,p'-DDD and p,p'-DDE to grains of rice and the influences of traditional Chinese farming practices on their bioaccumulation. Paddy rice and dry rice were grown in submerged paddy soils and non-submerged upland soils, respectively. Two types of soil, Hydragric Anthrosols (An) and Hydragric Acrisols (Ac), were employed. Bioaccumulation factors (BAFs) of DDE ranged from 0.67 for rice grown in non-submerged An to 0.84 in submerged An in the control group, whilst BAFs were all below 0.04 in experimental groups. BAFs of DDD varied from 1.39 for submerged An to 2.26 for submerged Ac in original soils. In contrast, BAFs were between 0.05 for non-submerged Ac and 0.08 for submerged An in DDD-contaminated soils. Flooding seemed to have two contradictory effects on the DDE/DDD accumulation by rice: on one hand, it made the pollutants more mobile and bioavailable; while on the other hand, it enhanced the degradation and binding of POPs. Adding rice straw to the soils protected DDE from being taken up yet promoted DDD accumulation by rice. Furthermore, the distinct inorganic component of the soils might also play an important role in the environmental activities of POPs.     

超声波促进城市生活污泥缺氧/好氧消化的研究

本研究将超声波预处理引入城市生活污泥缺氧/好氧消化工艺中,自主设计了容积为30 L的生活污泥超声波-缺氧/好氧消化中试系统并用以实验研究。超声波预处理的参数为超声频率28 kHz,声能密度0.15 W/mL,超声时间10 min,超声间隔12 h,污泥超声比例30%。结果表明,引入超声预处理后,缩短了污泥的稳定时间,提高了污泥的消化效率。污泥消化10 d就已经达到了稳定标准,比未引入超声预处理时缩短了12 d,而MLVSS最大去除率提高了11%,达到了55.10%。超声波的引入,对污泥缺氧/好氧消化系统中污泥上清液溶解性COD（SCOD）的变化趋势影响比较明显,而对上清液的pH、氨氮和TP的变化趋势没有明显影响。     

复合型絮凝剂处理景观水体

利用以生物絮凝剂(1 g/L MBF-28)与化学絮凝剂(5 g/L PAC)复配后的复合絮凝剂CBF28C处理景观水体,考虑了复配比、投加量、pH和投加顺序对处理景观水的影响。实验结果表明:对于反应体系为100 mL景观水体,当MBF-28与PAC溶液复配体积比为3∶1,反应体系pH为7.0,1 mL 1%CaCl2作助凝剂,1.5 mL CBF28C时,其絮凝效果最好,其COD,色度,TN,TP的去除率分别为90.7%,54.1%、46.6%和51.5%。最佳水力条件为:快速320 r/min,快搅时间45 s,慢速80 r/min,慢搅时间100 s。并且得出了前10 min内絮凝率的反应关系方程式。     

热解析-固相微萃取-气相色谱法测定空气样品中挥发性有机化合物

建立了热解析-固相微萃取-气相色谱法测定空气样品中挥发性有机化合物的分析方法,并对色谱分离条件、玻璃针筒保存样品的稳定性、固相微萃取萃取纤维、萃取时间、色谱进样时间等条件进行了优化,9种挥发性有机化合物的峰面积与其质量浓度在所测范围内有较好的线性关系,相对标准偏差＜8.8%,检出限为0.05～0.75 μg/100 mL,满足实际空气样品测定需要。     

煤质活性炭在饮用水处理应用中值得探讨的问题

本文介绍了煤质活性炭在饮用水处理应用中存在的如何选择活性炭的性能指标,煤质活性炭新旧国家标准的变化及煤质活性炭的再生等值得探讨问题。本文对煤质活性炭饮用水处理的应用具有一定的意义。     

我国应关注ISO呼吸防护的标准化工作

本文介绍了国际标准化组织（ISO）正在开展的呼吸器标准化工作的情况,包括参与国家信息和工作分工情况,以及ISO呼吸器标准体系、产品分类、标准项目信息、产出、进展和进度,分析了ISO标准在未来对全球呼吸防护计数和产品市场发展的影响,并呼吁中国尽早采取主动行动参与其中,争取获得更多的话语权和掌握未来产品技术发展方向的主动权。