三江平原白浆土不同土地利用类型Fe2+分布特征

土壤铁元素由高价态转化为低价态(二价铁),是土壤中铁元素移动的主要途径.为了探讨三江平原不同土地利用类型Fe2 分布情况及影响因素,文章通过在三江平原典型白浆土区采取水田、旱田、草地、林地4种不同土地利用类型样点,对其Fe2 含量及其影响因子进行对比研究分析.结果表明:土壤表层(0~10 cm)Fe2 含量高低顺序为水田>草地>旱田>林地,主要影响因子为水分状况和pH值(r=0.851,r=0.909,p＜0.01),其中水田Fe2 含量(305.5 mg·kg-1)明显高于林地和旱田(30~40 mg·kg-1),是其含量的8~10倍;草地除表层(0~20 cm)Fe2 含量低于水田外,以下各层含量均高于其它土地利用类型;草地、旱田、林地Fe2 含量垂直分布规律相似:表层(0~10 cm)及白浆层(30~40 cm)含量略高,40 cm以下Fe2 含量持续缓慢递减,相关分析表明旱田、草地主要影响因子为土壤pH值(r=-0.871,r=0.795,p＜0.05),林地影响因子相关性均不显著;水田垂直变化趋势与其它3种类型相比有所不同,表层最高达305.5 mg·kg-1,至40 cm深处急剧递减至35.2 mg·kg-1,以下无明显变化,主要影响因子为水分状况和TOC(r=0.962,r=0.991,p＜0.01).     

汾河流域地表水水化学同位素特征及其影响因素

汾河是山西的母亲河.由于水资源过度开发及社会经济发展影响,生态环境恶化.经过一系列治理保护措施,水质得到改善.利用统计学、Piper三线图和Gibbs模型等方法,分析了汾河流域地表水水化学和氢氧同位素特征及其来源,揭示了汾河流域地表水水质演化过程.结果表明,汾河干流地表水中主要水化学组分沿着径流路径含量逐渐增加;汾河上游地表水水化学类型主要以HCO₃·SO₄·Cl-Ca·Na·Mg为主,中游和下游地表水水化学类型主要以SO₄·HCO₃·Cl-Ca·Na·Mg为主.汾河流域地表水水化学组成主要受岩石风化作用和蒸发结晶作用影响,而降雨影响较小.Na⁺和K⁺主要来源于蒸发盐岩的溶解以及周边黄土中含Na矿物溶解,水体中Ca²⁺、Mg²⁺和HCO₃^-主要来源于碳酸盐岩的溶解,SO₄^2-除来源于石膏的溶解,还可能来源于汾河周边黄土层中硫化矿物的溶解.干流地表水δD和δ¹⁸ O平均值分别为-62.60‰和-8.42‰,氢氧同位素特征进一步表明其主要受蒸发作用的影响.流域内支流及岩溶水水化学组分差异较大.结果可为汾河流域生态修复保护及生态文明建设提供依据.     

Sulfur cycle as an electron mediator between carbon and nitrate in a constructed wetland microcosm

• Fe(III) accepted the most electrons from organics, followed by NO₃^‒, SO₄^2‒, and O₂. • The electrons accepted by SO₄^2‒ could be stored in the solid AVS, FeS₂-S, and S⁰. • The autotrophic denitrification driven by solid S had two-phase characteristics. • A conceptual model involving electron acceptance, storage, and donation was built. • S cycle transferred electrons between organics and NO₃^‒ with an efficiency of 15%. A constructed wetland microcosm was employed to investigate the sulfur cycle-mediated electron transfer between carbon and nitrate. Sulfate accepted electrons from organics at the average rate of 0.84 mol/(m³·d) through sulfate reduction, which accounted for 20.0% of the electron input rate. The remainder of the electrons derived from organics were accepted by dissolved oxygen (2.6%), nitrate (26.8%), and iron(III) (39.9%). The sulfide produced from sulfate reduction was transformed into acid-volatile sulfide, pyrite, and elemental sulfur, which were deposited in the substratum, storing electrons in the microcosm at the average rate of 0.52 mol/(m³·d). In the presence of nitrate, the acid-volatile and elemental sulfur were oxidized to sulfate, donating electrons at the average rate of 0.14 mol/(m³·d) and driving autotrophic denitrification at the average rate of 0.30 g N/(m³·d). The overall electron transfer efficiency of the sulfur cycle for autotrophic denitrification was 15.3%. A mass balance assessment indicated that approximately 50% of the input sulfur was discharged from the microcosm, and the remainder was removed through deposition (49%) and plant uptake (1%). Dominant sulfate-reducing (i.e., Desulfovirga, Desulforhopalus, Desulfatitalea, and Desulfatirhabdium) and sulfur-oxidizing bacteria (i.e., Thiohalobacter, Thiobacillus, Sulfuritalea, and Sulfurisoma), which jointly fulfilled a sustainable sulfur cycle, were identified. These results improved understanding of electron transfers among carbon, nitrogen, and sulfur cycles in constructed wetlands, and are of engineering significance.     

Degradation of polyacrylamide (PAM) and methane production by mesophilic and thermophilic anaerobic digestion: Effect of temperature and concentration

• PAM degradation in thermophilic AD in comparison with mesophilic AD. • PAM degradation and its impact on thermophilic and mesophilic AD. • Enhanced methane yield in presence of PAM during thermophilic and mesophilic AD. • PAM degradation and microbial community analysis in thermophilic and mesophilic AD. Polyacrylamide (PAM) is generally employed in wastewater treatment processes such as sludge dewatering and therefore exists in the sludge. Furthermore, it degrades slowly and can deteriorate methane yield during anaerobic digestion (AD). The impact or fate of PAM in AD under thermophilic conditions is still unclear. This study mainly focuses on PAM degradation and enhanced methane production from PAM-added sludge during 15 days of thermophilic (55°C) AD compared to mesophilic (35°C) AD. Sludge and PAM dose from 10 to 50 g/kg TSS were used. The results showed that PAM degraded by 76% to 78% with acrylamide (AM) content of 0.2 to 3.3 mg/L in thermophilic AD. However, it degraded only 27% to 30% with AM content of 0.5 to 7.2 mg/L in mesophilic AD. The methane yield was almost 230 to 238.4 mL/g VSS on the 8th day in thermophilic AD but was 115.2 to 128.6 mL/g VSS in mesophilic AD. Mechanism investigation revealed that thermophilic AD with continuous stirring not only enhanced PAM degradation but also boosted the organics release from the sludge with added PAM and gave higher methane yield than mesophilic AD.     

UiO-66(Zr)@多孔陶瓷复合材料的制备及对络合态重金属EDTA-Cu(Ⅱ)的去除

本文采用多孔陶瓷作为基体制备了锆基金属有机骨架UiO-66@多孔陶瓷复合材料.通过扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、粉末X射线衍射(PXRD)、氮气吸附和傅里叶变换红外光谱(FTIR)等表征手段对比了氢氧化钠脱硅和乙二胺表面改性等基体活化方式对UiO-66(Zr)在多孔陶瓷表面负载情况的影响.结果表明,经过乙二胺表面改性的多孔陶瓷对UiO-66(Zr)的负载更均匀,负载效果更好.以EDTA-Cu(Ⅱ)为考察对象,研究了UiO-66(Zr)@乙二胺表面改性多孔陶瓷复合材料对络合态重金属的净化效能.结果表明,UiO-66(Zr)@多孔陶瓷复合材料在较宽的酸碱条件下(pH=3—9)对络合态重金属EDTA-Cu(Ⅱ)均表现出良好的吸附性能,饱和吸附量为1.17 mg·g~(-1),并可通过NaOH解吸再生,从而实现材料的重复利用.     

基于聚类方法下的柴油车排放颗粒物无机元素谱分析

近年来在大气污染的防治工作中,柴油车污染防治的重要性日渐凸显.本文通过测试和文献检索等方法收集了97组与柴油车排放颗粒物无机元素排放有关的数据,采用k-means均值聚类分析的方法对数据进行分类并对分类结果进行分析,得出柴油车无机元素排放占颗粒物比例的大致区间为:Si(0—4.62%)、Al(0—1.53%)、Ca(0—4.09%)、Na(0—2.61%)、Mg(0—2.68%)、K(0—0.85%)、Fe(0—3.4%)、Zn(0—0.54%)、Cu(0—1.49%)、Ni(0—0.06%),且所得无机元素的排放区间的置信水平均大于94%.同时得到的柴油车排放颗粒物无机元素分析结果,可以为后续柴油车排放颗粒物无机元素数据分析以及相关污染治理提供参考,进而促进我国大气环境质量的改善、更好地保障人们身体健康.     

宜兴市典型道路灰尘(＜150 μm)组分中重金属污染特征及风险评价

粒径小于150μm道路灰尘是生态系统及人类健康风险的主要来源.本文于2016年11月采集宜兴市主城区10条典型交通道路灰尘样品,分析并评价150μm灰尘颗粒中Zn、Cu、Pb、Ni和Cr等5种重金属污染及风险水平.研究结果表明,宜兴市道路灰尘中重金属含量均高于当地土壤背景值,平均含量(mg·kg~(-1))大小依次为:Zn(408.2±108.0)Pb(263.3±582.4)Cr(161.7±77.1)Cu(128.0±43.4)Ni(90.2±32.4).地累积指数(I_(geo))表明,道路灰尘中重金属Zn和Cu为中-中/重度污染水平,Pb表现为中度污染水平,Ni和Cr则表现为无污染/中-中度污染水平.潜在生态风险指数(RI)表明,研究区域(宜兴市)大部分道路的灰尘中重金属对当地生态系统造成潜在中度风险,重金属Cu、Cr和Pb为潜在生态风险主要来源(85%).健康风险评价表明,道路灰尘中非致癌重金属对儿童可能构成潜在非致癌风险,对成人不造成非致癌伤害, Ni和Cr对暴露人群不会造成严重致癌危害.研究同时发现,宜兴市道路灰尘中重金属污染程度严重,亟需采取有效措施加以控制.     

十溴联苯醚(BDE209)在虹鳟体内的羟基代谢产物及其对甲状腺激素水平影响的初步研究

十溴联苯醚(Decabromodiphenyl ether,BDE209)被认为是可疑甲状腺素(TH)干扰物,但干扰机制目前尚不清楚.采用单次腹腔注射的暴露方式,考察了在28d的实验周期内,不同浓度组的十溴联苯醚在虹鳟(Oncorhynchus mykiss)体内的羟基化代谢产物浓度与甲状腺激素(T3和T4)水平.结果表明:十溴联苯醚在虹鳟的肝脏和血液中均可代谢为低溴代羟基多溴联苯醚,且羟基代谢产物在整个实验周期中浓度不断累积;与此同时,血浆中T3和T4浓度均出现下降趋势.进一步的统计分析结果表明,羟基代谢产物与T3和T4浓度水平分别呈显著的负线性相关关系,这说明血浆中的甲状腺激素水平下降可能是由羟基化产物所引起的.     

Biosorption of Cr(III) from aqueous solution by freeze-dried activated sludge: Equilibrium,kinetic and thermodynamic studies

Batch biosorption experiments were conducted to remove Cr(III) from aqueous solutions using activated sludge from a sewage treatment plant. An investigation was conducted on the effects of the initial pH, contact time, temperature, and initial Cr(III) concentration in the biosorption process. The results revealed that the activated sludge exhibited the highest Cr(III) uptake capacity (120 mg·g⁻¹) at 45°C, initial pH of 4, and initial Cr(III) concentration of 100 mg·L⁻¹. The biosorption results obtained at various temperatures showed that the biosorption pattern accurately followed the Langmuir model. The calculated thermodynamic parameters, ΔG^o (−0.8– −4.58 kJ·mol⁻¹), ΔH^o (15.6–44.4 kJ·mol⁻¹), and ΔS^o (0.06–0.15 kJ·mol⁻¹·K⁻¹) clearly indicated that the biosorption process was feasible, spontaneous, endothermic, and physical. The pseudo first-order and second-order kinetic models were adopted to describe the experimental data, which revealed that the Cr(III) biosorption process conformed to the second-order rate expression and the biosorption rate constants decreased with increasing Cr(III) concentration. The analysis of the values of biosorption activation energy (E_a = −7 kJ·mol⁻¹) and the intra-particle diffusion model demonstrated that Cr(III) biosorption was film-diffusion-controlled.