基于UNMIX模型对大气降雨中水溶性离子来源解析

对洛杉矾2005年1月至2015年1月的降水数据进行了分析,并通过UNMIX模型对降水中的无机离子成分进行了来源解析.结果表明,洛杉矶降水的pH均值为4.84,表现为轻度污染的弱酸性水平;降水的污染来源主要有3个,分别是二次污染源(50％)、海洋传输源(43％)、燃煤源及生物质燃烧源(7％);降水中离子解析结果与洛杉矶地区细颗粒物污染来源解析结果有较好的一致性,表明在细颗粒物化学成分缺失的情况下,降水离子可在一定程度上反应污染来源解析.     

高速铁路建设的环境影响分析及环保策略建议——以沪宁城际铁路为例

近年来高速铁路发展迅猛,与此同时高铁对沿线环境的影响及生态破坏已成为社会关注的热点问题,并引起国家及地方政府的高度重视.以沪宁城际高速铁路为研究案例,首先分析了高速铁路建设对沿线自然及生态环境影响的调查内容、方法和过程,然后论述了铁路噪声、振动电磁辐射、污水及固体废弃物对沿线环境的影响,并论述各类污染的生态防护措施.在此基础上,对沪宁城际铁路环保经验进行了总结归纳,最后提炼形成中国高速铁路建设发展的环保策略建议.     

基于降低温室效应的航空器运行策略

以航空器运行对环境造成温室效应的两个主要因素—CO_2和凝结尾为研究对象,通过绝对全球温变潜势(AGTP)建立科学统一的衡量标准,将CO_2和凝结尾对环境的影响转换为全球地表温度的改变,为降低温室效应提供依据。最后结合典型高空的探空资料对实际增温进行计算,对比分析25、50、100年时间水平下CO_2和凝结尾对全球地表温度造成的影响,为航空器降低温室效应提供飞行高度指导。     

可见光催化剂Ag_3PO_4/海泡石的制备及降解染料废水性能

以沉淀法、离子交换法和原位法制备了Ag_3PO_4/海泡石复合光催化剂,采用XRD、FTIR、UV-Vis-DRS对其结构进行了表征,以可见光驱动催化降解日落黄染料为探针反应,考察了制备方法对催化剂光催化性能的影响。结果表明:Ag_3PO_4与海泡石成功复合并产生了协同作用,催化剂中Ag_3PO_4均为立方晶型,部分Ag_3PO_4进入了海泡石层间,改变了其晶面有序性并拓宽了层间距,海泡石对Ag_3PO_4的复合提高了Ag_3PO_4的稳定性和光催化活性;其中,离子交换法制备的光催化剂中Ag_3PO_4与海泡石的复合程度最高,Ag_3PO_4稳定性最强,光催化活性最好,在可见光驱动下,该催化剂对50 mg/L的日落黄降解率可达97.16%,并且对其他3种50 mg/L的染料废水的降解率也在86%以上,此外,该催化剂再生2次后仍保持良好的活性和稳定性。     

Relationship between road traffic noisescape and urban form in Hong Kong

This paper reports on a study which explored the possible relationship between road traffic noisescape and urban form in Hong Kong. A total of 212 residential complexes from 11 contrasting urban forms were sampled, and their noise levels assessed both at dwelling and neighbourhood scales by noise mapping. Its findings indicate that residential complexes with different urban forms have significantly different noisescape attributes. There is a strong correlation between the noise characteristics and morphological indicators at the dwelling scale. A less obstreperous noisescape is associated with urban forms with lower road and building densities, and with building arrangements which provide self-noise screening. These findings suggest that urban form is an influential determinant of the noisescape in the urban environment, and they point to the need to rethink the conventional approach to managing the urban acoustic environment.     

High efficiency chlorine removal from polyvinyl chloride (PVC) pyrolysis with a gas–liquid fluidized bed reactor

In this research a gas–liquid fluidized bed reactor was developed for removing chlorine (Cl) from polyvinyl chloride (PVC) to favor its pyrolysis treatment. In order to efficiently remove Cl within a limited time before extensive generation of hydrocarbon products, the gas–liquid fluidized bed reactor was running at 280–320 °C, where hot N₂ was used as fluidizing gas to fluidize the molten polymer, letting the molten polymer contact well with N₂ to release Cl in form of HCl. Experimental results showed that dechlorination efficiency is mainly temperature dependent and 300 °C is a proper reaction temperature for efficient dechlorination within a limited time duration and for prevention of extensive pyrolysis; under this temperature 99.5% of Cl removal efficiency can be obtained within reaction time around 1 min after melting is completed as the flow rate of N₂ gas was set around 0.47–0.85 Nm³ kg^?1 for the molten PVC. Larger N₂ flow rate and additives in PVC would enhance HCl release but did not change the final dechlorination efficiency; and excessive N₂ flow rate should be avoided for prevention of polymer entrainment. HCl is emitted from PVC granules or scraps at the mean time they started to melt and the melting stage should be taken into consideration when design the gas–liquid fluidized bed reactor for dechlorination.     

Prevention of surgical site infection under different ventilation systems in operating room environment

• The effectiveness of four different ventilation systems was compared in depth. • Airflow and bacteria-carrying particles concentration were quantitatively analyzed. • Vertical laminar airflow with high airflow rate could not achieve desired effect. • Temperature-controlled airflow ventilation could guarantee air cleanliness. Biological particles in the operating room (OR) air environment can cause surgical site infections (SSIs). Various ventilation systems have been employed in ORs to ensure an ultraclean environment. However, the effect of different ventilation systems on the control of bacteria-carrying particles (BCPs) released from the surgical staff during surgery is unclear. In this study, the performance of four different ventilation systems (vertical laminar airflow ventilation (VLAF), horizontal laminar airflow ventilation (HLAF), differential vertical airflow ventilation (DVAF), and temperature-controlled airflow ventilation (TAF)) used in an OR was evaluated and compared based on the spatial BCP concentration. The airflow field in the OR was solved by the Renormalization Group (RNG) k-e turbulence model, and the BCP phase was calculated by Lagrangian particle tracking (LPT) and the discrete random walk (DRW) model. It was found that the TAF system was the most effective ventilation system among the four ventilation systems for ensuring air cleanliness in the operating area. This study also indicated that air cleanliness in the operating area depended not only on the airflow rate of the ventilation system but also on the airflow distribution, which was greatly affected by obstacles such as surgical lamps and surgical staff.