汶川MS8.0地震前青海地区数字化水温(地温)异常变化分析

介绍了青海地区十个数字化水温井、六个数字化地温井的水温(地温)观测概况。经研究发现,2008年汶川MS8.0地震前,乐都和民和两个井孔出现了中期趋势异常,西宁、乐都和德令哈三个井孔出现了短临异常;从地域来看,异常测点主要集中于西宁-民和断陷盆地内,该区域其它两个正常运行的井孔没有异常,可能和探头与密闭套管末端间的距离过大有关。另外,笔者认为,西宁、乐都、民和井所表现出的中期和短临异常,可能与汶川地震的孕震过程密切相关。     

Effect of wastewater composition on the calcium carbonate precipitation in upflow anaerobic sludge blanket reactors

Calcium carbonate often precipitates in anaerobic reactors treating wastewater with high calcium content. The aim of this paper is to study the effect of wastewater composition on calcium carbonate precipitation in upflow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) reactors. Two laboratory-scale UASB reactors were operated with calcium-containing influents using acetate and carbohydrate as substrate, respectively. There was an obvious accumulation of inorganic precipitate observed in the biogranules. Observations via scanning electron microscope (SEM) and energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) showed that the acclimated biogranules in the two reactors differed in microstructure. Calcium carbonate was found to have precipitated on the surface of acetate-degrading biogranules, but precipitated at the core of the carbohydrate-degrading biogranules. The results indicated that substrates had significant influence on the location of calcium carbonate precipitation in anaerobic granular sludge, which was expected due to the different methanogens distribution and pH gradient within the granular sludge degrading various substrates. Moreover, the location of calcium carbonate precipitation substantially affected the specific methanogenic activity (SMA) of the granular sludge. The SMA of the acetate-degrading biogranules dropped from $ 1.96 gCOD_{CH_4 } \cdot gVSS^{ - 1} \cdot d^{ - 1} $ 1.96 gCOD_{CH_4 } \cdot gVSS^{ - 1} \cdot d^{ - 1} to $ 0.61 gCOD_{CH_4 } \cdot gVSS^{ - 1} \cdot d^{ - 1} $ 0.61 gCOD_{CH_4 } \cdot gVSS^{ - 1} \cdot d^{ - 1} after 180-d of operation in the reactor. However, the SMA of the carbohydrate-degrading biogranules was not adversely affected by calcium carbonate precipitation.     

城市防灾减灾综合能力的定量分析

随着全球气候异变,灾害日益频繁,城市防灾减灾综合能力日益引起人们的关注。本文采用频率统计法、特尔菲专家咨询法以及理论与实际分析法对预选指标进行层层筛选,确定城市防灾减灾综合能力评估的指标体系。然后采用改进的层次分析法以及灰色投影关联法,提出了城市防灾减灾综合能力定量分析与评价的模型。最后,通过实地调查、收集数据,对天津市2005—2007年的城市防灾减灾综合能力进行定量分析。结果表明:2005、2006、2007年天津市防灾减灾综合能力指数为0.4593、0.5778、0.6178;理论分析和实地察看表明,该方法不仅对城市防灾减灾综合能力的评价是可行的、可靠的、客观的,而且能很好反映城市防灾减灾工作的现状,是适合中国城市进行城市防灾减灾综合能力定量计算与分析的方法。     

Au/SnO_2/TiO_2催化氧化CO性能的研究

通过煅烧制备TiO2,用浸渍法负载SnO2,沉积沉淀法负载Au,制备不同SnO2含量的Au/SnO2/TiO2催化剂。采用BET、SEM、XRD等手段对催化剂样品进行表征并考察煅烧温度、SnO2的添加量等对Au/SnO2/TiO2催化剂催化CO氧化活性的影响。结果表明:Au/SnO2/TiO2催化活性比Au/TiO2明显提高;海绵钛在400℃煅烧后负载10%SnO2和1%的Au催化活性较好,在124℃左右能使气体中含量为2.94%的CO基本完全转化。     

Soil selenium concentration and Kashin-Beck disease prevalence in Tibet, China

In order to investigate the correlation between the prevalence of Kashin-Back disease (KBD) and Se concentrations, natural soil samples and cultivated soil samples were collected from southeastern Tibet, China; and the soil Se concentrations were measured by atomic fluorescent spectrophotometer. It was found that the mean Se concentrations of natural soil samples in KBD areas, from the first layer to the third layer, were 0.17 mg/kg, 0.11 mg/kg, and 0.10 mg/kg, respectively, and in nondisease areas were 0.21 mg/kg, 0.24 mg/kg, and 0.13mg/kg, respectively. The mean Se concentrations of cultivated soil samples were 0.10 mg/kg in KBD areas and 0.23 mg/kg in non-disease areas, respectively. Soil Se concentrations in KBD areas were lower than that in non-disease areas, and the mean concentrations of soil Se in Tibet were lower than the average of China (0.29 mg/kg). Therefore, there is a close relationship between soil Se concentrations and KBD in Tibet. More studies should be concentrated on the impacts of Se deficiency in soils and its relationship with Se concentrations in food-grain and the human body in Tibet areas.     

清洁生产审核中基于资源、能源审核重点的评估方法

清洁生产审核是节能减排战略实施的重要手段,通常清洁生产审核一般分为七个阶段,35个步骤。其中评估阶段是对组织审核重点的原材料消耗、生产过程以及资源浪费的产生进行审核。当前进行的清洁生产审核工作重点关注的是污染物排放,对于能源节约方面的评估尚不多见。文章以资源、能源为审核重点,结合案例对评估阶段中采用的数据分析方法和资源、能源E—P图的绘制和分析进行了探讨,并从八个方面讨论了如何来查找造成资源、能源浪费的原因。     

熔融还原炼铁工艺环保可行性初步研究——以广州珠江钢铁为例

熔融还原炼铁技术是目前国内外高度重视的新一代炼铁技术,Corex和Hlsmelt是其中的代表工艺。文章就炼铁工艺在技术、环境、经济等方面有不同的要求而提出可行性判别指标,对Corex、HIsmelt与传统高炉工艺进行各判别指标的对比分析,并结合广州珠江钢铁有限责任公司现址建设炼铁项目这一实例从定性和定量的角度判别三种工艺的优劣,从而指出,对于珠钢现址,Corex和H／smelt比高炉技术更适应环保要求,更利于珠钢的未来发展,其中HIsmelt最具优势和竞争力。     

基于改进TOPSIS法的规划环评情景方案建立方法及应用

目前,情景分析法在规划环评中进行应用时,情景方案的建立方法仍存在较大不确定性。针对这一问题,结合广西石化产业规划环评,为在广西区6个重点城市分布44个石化项目建立多套可行方案,以供后续方案筛选。通过层次分析法计算出影响因素特性的权重,将改进后的多属性决策TOPSIS方法引入规划环评,并与情景分析法相结合。探讨了基于TOPSIS法对构建情景方案的影响因素进行筛选,并最终确定核心因子的新方法。结论为：利用筛选出的三种核心因子——规划相容性、资源环境因子和产业链结构——构建出了18套情景方案,作为规划环评的初始可行方案,并在三维坐标系中分别将这些方案表示出来,从而实现了将方案定量化、形象化,为规划环评中后续方案筛选提供了定量化科学依据。     

线性规划方法在区域发展规划环境影响评价中的应用

文章介绍了区域产业规模最优化发展的线性规划模型,解释了模型的具体含义并给出了模型中各参数的确定依据和方法,并在某区域发展规划环境影响评价中进行了应用。通过该模型得出的最优方案与规划方案的对比,可以评价规划方案的环境合理性,同时也可为区域产业发展提出调整建议,实现区域经济效益和环境效益的统一,最终实现区域的可持续发展。     

南京地区PM2．5污染特征及其影响因素分析

文章利用2007年南京市草场门和迈皋桥采样点的PM2．5在线监测资料研究了南京地区PM2．5浓度的时空变化特征。对PM2．5质量浓度进行了月季变化、日变化特征分析。并利用同时期气象资料分析了PM2．5浓度与气象条件的关系。结果表明,南京市细颗粒物污染较严重,草场门采样点各月超标率均在55％以上,年超标率达72％;2采样点各季节霾天气下PM2.5质量浓度均大于非霾日下浓度均值,不管是霾天气还是非霾天气下,草场门采样点各季节PM2．5质量浓度均高于迈皋桥采样点（除秋季非霾天气）。2007年南京市PM2．5质量浓度呈现出春冬季节较高、夏秋季节较低的特点;日变化呈双峰分布。对PM2.5质量浓度与水平能见度的相关性研究表明,南京市大气能见度与细粒子质量浓度呈现很好的负相关性,相关系数高达0．98。草场门采样点霾天气下平均能见度水平仅5．2km,最高能见度为13km,最低为1．7km。