中国生活源固体垃圾产生和处理及其N2O排放

核算和评估固体垃圾产生和处理及其N₂O排放具有重要的现实和指导意义.本研究以中国为例（2008—2017年）,建立了固体垃圾产生、处理和N₂O排放核算框架.结果表明,10年间中国固体垃圾产生量上升了34.6%,年均6.13亿t,生活垃圾（48.6%）和工业日用品垃圾（24.6%）是主要贡献源;处理格局仍以填埋为主（占53.0%）,焚烧为辅（25.5%）;堆弃（42.5%）和焚烧（31.2%）是固体垃圾处理中N₂O气体的主要排放源,堆肥占21.9%,填埋处理排放最少（4.4%）;固体垃圾处理产生的渗滤液逐年增加,渗滤液排放的N₂O占固体垃圾处理N₂O排放总量的41.7%,生活垃圾产生的渗滤液是其主要排放源.加大垃圾分类处理和资源化利用力度,加强农村生活垃圾处理处置能力、减少垃圾堆弃量及提高垃圾处理技术对固体垃圾的产生及其N₂O排放减排至关重要.     

溶液中阴离子对UV/H2O2降解十二烷基苯磺酸钠的影响及其机理

研究了UV/H2O2工艺对十二烷基苯磺酸钠(LAS)的去除效果、溶液中阴离子对LAS降解的影响及机理.结果表明:UV/H2O2工艺可以有效地去除水中的LAS;在H2O2投加量为8 mg/L,14 W低压汞灯照射下,LAS在蒸馏水和自来水中的反应速率常数分别为0.018 0 、0.012 2 min-1;NO-3、Cl-、SO2-4和HCO-3对LAS光降解有抑制作用,当该4种离子摩尔浓度均分别为5、10、15 mmol/L时,对LAS光降解的抑制程度为HCO-3》NO-3》Cl-》SO2-4,且随着离子摩尔浓度的增大,抑制作用增强;LAS在自来水中的反应速率常数低于在蒸馏水中的反应速率常数是由于水中多种离子影响的结果.     

A/A/O微曝氧化沟处理城市污水的工程设计

以某日处理量为80 000 m3城市污水处理厂为例,介绍了A/A/O微曝氧化沟工艺的设计思路及参数选择,能够满足设计要求,且可信度高,有实用参考价值.     

丝状菌污泥膨胀的微生物学理论与控制对策

在活性污泥系统中，由丝状菌过度繁殖引起的污泥膨胀是最难解决的问题之一。文章对与丝状菌污泥膨胀相关的微生物学和丝状菌生理生态学进行了讨论；介绍了现有的解释污泥膨胀的基本理论，并对丝状菌膨胀的控制措施进行了探讨。     

土壤石油生物降解影响因子正交实验分析

石油污染物进入土壤之后，多种因素同时制约着污染物的生物降解，为了定量化各因素对彼此的影响，探求促进正向作用，抑制负向作用的途径，为各因素制定适宜的施用时间顺序以及施用量，以最大限度地加快降解速度，笔者设计了本文中的复合生物降解实验，结果表明，使用多因素复合处理方法可以在土壤石油处理中收到很好的效果，在土壤石油含量为64g/kg水平下，三周内的降解率可以高达48％，在实验初期，表面活性剂和氧化剂的投加是影响降解速率的重要因素，它们的最优水平均为各受试水平中的最大值，到了实验的中后期，污染强度上升为降解的首要影响因子，并且在受试样品范围内，污染度越大降解率越高。     

Climatic Controls on Watershed Reference Evapotranspiration Varied during 1961–2012 in Southern China

Reference evapotranspiration (ET_o) is an important hydrometeorological term widely used in understanding and projecting the hydrological effects of future climate and land use change. We conducted a case study in the Qinhuai River Basin that is dominated by a humid subtropical climate and mixed land uses in southern China. Long‐term (1961–2012) meteorological data were used to estimate ET_o by the FAO‐56 Penman–Monteith model. The individual contribution from each meteorological variable to the trend of ET_o was quantified. We found basin‐wide annual ET_o decreased significantly (p < 0.05) by 3.82 mm/yr during 1961–1987, due to decreased wind speed, solar radiation, vapor pressure deficit (VPD), and increased relative humidity (RH). However, due to the increased VPD and decreased RH, the ET_o increased significantly (p < 0.05) in spring, autumn, and annually at a rate of 2.55, 0.56, and 3.16 mm/yr during 1988–2012, respectively. The aerodynamic term was a dominant factor controlling ET_o variation in both two periods. We concluded the key climatic controls on ET_o have shifted as a result of global climate change during 1961–2012. The atmospheric demand, instead of air temperature alone, was a major control on ET_o. Models for accurately predicting ET_o and hydrological change under a changing climate must include VPD in the study region. The shifts of climatic control on the hydrological cycles should be considered in future water resource management in humid regions.     

微生物诱导碳酸盐沉淀及其在固定重金属领域的应用进展

生物矿化已受到化学、物理、生物、材料、医学、生命及环境等多学科的广泛关注,其中,以尿素为底物的MICP（微生物诱导碳酸盐沉淀）技术是生物矿化领域的研究热点之一.在分析MICP过程中的酶解机理和生物大分子在微生物矿化过程中的作用基础上,通过对重金属离子的矿化产物和碳酸盐矿化菌的成矿因素分析,揭示MICP矿化产物的特征及形成条件.碳酸盐矿化菌主要产生脲酶分解尿素,增加土壤CO₃2-饱和度,其代谢产生的胞外聚合物具有多种功能团组合和键能连接,起着调控生物矿化的作用.MICP技术可用于固定土壤和水体中的Cu、Pb、Zn、Cd、Cr、As等重金属,重金属主要以共沉淀的形式被固定,阴阳离子型重金属以类质同象置换方式分别占据方解石中的CO₃2-位和Ca2+位,从而促使污染土壤中的可交换态重金属向碳酸盐结合态转移.但是,MICP技术主要针对减少重金属的生物可利用性,不能满足以全量来计算的现行土壤环境质量标准,且MICP技术在长期有效性、生物安全性和土壤理化性质等方面存在诸多隐患.因此,由试验条件转向实际应用具有一定挑战.建议寻找更稳定的方法以阻止碳酸盐矿物中的重金属溶出,且有必要将开发高效的土著微生物复合菌剂作为未来MICP研究的方向之一.      

基于模糊专家系统的垃圾焚烧底灰重金属污染风险评价

垃圾焚烧处理技术可以实现城市生活垃圾减量化,但底灰中重金属的存在与迁移转化会形成持续的潜在风险。针对重金属Cu、Cr、Pb和Cr对环境的潜在风险进行分析,将模糊专家系统引入潜在生态风险指数法中。首先将重金属的富集系数作为输入,然后应用知识库和推理机制来实现重金属对环境危害快速、不确定信息的准确推理,最后对城市生活垃圾焚烧底灰中重金属对环境的潜在风险进行评价。实验结果验证,该方法能够更快速、准确地做出适当的决定,为底灰的安全处置和再利用提供理论基础。     

Assessment of potential soybean cadmium excluder cultivars at different concentrations of Cd in soils

The selection of cadmium-excluding cultivars has been used to minimize the transfer of cadmium into the human food chain. In this experiment, five Chinese soybean plants were grown in three soils with different concentrations of Cd (0.15, 0.75 and 1.12 mg/kg). Variations in uptake, enrichment, and translocation of Cd among these soybean cultivars were studied. The results indicated that the concentration of Cd in seeds that grew at 1.12 mg/kg Cd in soils exceeded the permitted maximum levels in soybeans. Therefore, our results indicated that even some soybean cultivars grown on soils with permitted levels of Cd might accumulate higher concentrations of Cd in seeds that are hazardous to human health. The seeds of these five cultivars were further assessed for interactions between Cd and other mineral nutrient elements such as Ca, Cu, Fe, Mg, Mn and Zn. High Cd concentration in soil was found to inhibit the uptake of Mn. Furthermore, Fe and Zn accumulations were found to be enhanced in the seeds of all of the five soybean cultivars in response to high Cd concentration. Cultivar Tiefeng 31 was found to fit the criteria for a Cd-excluding cultivar under different concentrations of Cd in soils.