电絮凝预处理垃圾渗滤液的可行性研究

本研究采用电絮凝技术预处理垃圾渗滤液,在以铁为阳极、不锈钢为阴极,极板距离1·5cm,电流密度50mA/cm2,不外加电解质的情况下,电解90min,渗滤液的CODCr去除率达到57·6%,NH4+去除率达40·1%,BOD5/CODCr比值由0·15提高到0·32,达到了较好的预处理效果。     

Municipal solid waste management challenges in developing countries--Kenyan case study

This paper provides an overview of the state of municipal solid waste management (MSWM) by local authorities in Kenya as a case study of a low-income developing country. Approaches of possible solutions that can be undertaken to improve municipal solid waste (MSW) services are discussed. Poor economic growth (1.1% in 1993) has resulted in an increase in the poverty level which presently stands at 56%. Migration from the rural areas to the urban areas has resulted in unplanned settlements in suburban areas accommodating about 60% of the urban population on only 5% urban land area. Political interference also hampers smooth running of local authorities. Vulnerability of pollution of surface and groundwater is high because local authorities rarely considered environmental impact in siting MSW disposal sites. Illegal dumping of MSW on the river banks or on the roadside poses environmental and economic threats on nearby properties. Poor servicing of MSW collection vehicles, poor state of infrastructure and the lack of adequate funding militate against optimization of MSW disposal service. The rural economy needs to be improved if rural-urban migration is to be managed. Involvement of stakeholders is important to achieve any meaningful and sustainable MSWM. The role of the informal sector through community-based organizations (CBOs), Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs) and the private sector in offering solutions towards improvement of MSWM also is explored.     

亚铁活化过硫酸盐降解水中双氯芬酸钠

研究了Fe~(2+)活化过硫酸盐(PS)对水中双氯芬酸钠(DCF)的降解,调查了pH、Fe~(2+)用量、PS用量、Cl~-、常见过渡金属离子以及常见还原剂对Fe~(2+)/PS降解DCF的影响.结果表明:DCF在pH 2.0—9.0范围内均有一定的去除效果,且pH 3.0时效果最佳;Fe~(2+)与S_2O_8~(2-)的最佳投加摩尔比为1∶1,过量的Fe~(2+)可消耗部分硫酸根自由基从而抑制DCF降解;Cl~-对DCF的降解具有一定的促进作用,且Cl~-浓度越大,促进作用越大;Ce~(3+)和Co~(2+)对DCF的降解几乎没有影响,而Cu~(2+)和Mn~(2+)具有一定的促进作用;抗坏血酸和硫代硫酸钠具有双重作用,在低浓度时对DCF的降解具有促进作用,高浓度时呈现抑制作用,而盐酸羟胺和亚硫酸氢钠在研究的浓度范围内均呈现促进作用.     

Mathematical model for photocatalytic destruction of organic contaminants in air

Photocatalytic oxidation (PCO) was investigated in a bench-scale reactor for the abatement of two airborne organic contaminants: toluene and ethanol. A mathematical model that includes the impacts of light intensity, initial contaminant concentration, catalyst thickness, and relative humidity (RH) on the degradation of organic contaminants in a photocatalytic reactor was developed to describe this process. The commercially available catalyst Degussa-PtTiO2 was selected to compare with the MTU-PtTiO2-350 catalyst, which was synthesized by the sol-gel process, platinized, and calcined at 350 degrees C. For toluene removal using the MTU-PtTiO2-350 catalyst, the degradation rate increased with increases in light intensity from 0.2 to 2.2 mW/cm2 and in catalyst thickness from 0.00037 to 0.00361 cm. However, further increases in light intensity and catalyst thickness had only slight effect on the toluene degradation rate. Increasing the initial concentration from 6.29 to 127.9 microg/L and the RH from 10 to 85% resulted in decreases in the toluene degradation rate. For ethanol removal using the MTU-PtTiO2-350 catalyst, the degradation rate increased more rapidly with an increase in RH from 17 to 56%; the RH had little effect on the ethanol degradation rate while it further increased from 56% to 82%. We discuss applicability of the model to estimate the influence of process variables and to evaluate photocatalyst performance.     

水稻OsGPCR基因的克隆及遗传转化分析

G蛋白偶联受体(G protein-coupled receptors,GPCR)基因家族是目前已知最大的膜受体超家族,参与生物的生长发育调控和激素应答.通过RT-PCR分离了水稻中一个具有7次跨膜(Seven transmembrane,7TM)结构域的OsGPCR候选基因;分析该基因启动子序列,发现它含有赤霉素GA应答相关元件.为分析其功能,分别构建OsGPCR过表达和RNA干涉载体,并通过农杆菌介导法转化获得转基因水稻植株.实验结果表明,较之野生型,过表达转基因植株对赤霉素反应更敏感,RNA干涉植株则反之.     

不确定性方法耦合水质模型研究综述

水质模型是模拟和预测水体中污染物迁移和转化的重要工具.水质模型作为水环境保护的有效工具,已经广泛应用于环境污染控制和水质规划管理中.详细清晰地阐述了水质模型的研究进展、几种常用的确定性水质模型的特点及适用范围、在模型构建的过程中产生的不确定性的研究方法、模型结构的不确定性研究方法以及不确定性方法与水质模型耦合的研究现状,并说明了水质模型未来的研究方向和发展趋势包括:加强对模型的不确定进行数学描述与评价,在模型构建过程中,各种不确定性方法应相互渗透;将不确定性研究方法与传统的水质模型进行耦合,构建各种不确定性水质模型的多样化、复杂化、耦合化;将水质模型与“3S”技术结合,使应用水质模型实时、动态的反应水质变化成为可能.     

玉米两个功能未知转录因子基因的转录后加工

ZmBH、ZmWD是玉米中分别具有转录因子bHLH和WD重复蛋白结构的两个功能未知基因,在不同组织中及各种胁迫诱导条件下,这两个基因均发生不同程度的剪接,产生大小各异的转录本.序列分析发现其剪接方式与经典的mRNA剪接不同,即剪接位点的选择不符合GT-AG或AT-AC规则,而是在剪接位点具有短正向重复序列SDR(Shortdirect repeats).ZmBH的转录后加工导致序列发生移码而提前终止,而ZmWD则缺失了大部分结构域序列,经由这种方式产生的转录后加工产物可影响蛋白编码,因而可能是对这两个基因功能进行调控的一种方式.图6表1参18     

Modeling of indoor air treatment of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans using high-efficiency particulate air-carbon filtration

A high-efficiency particulate air (HEPA)-carbon filtration system was developed by the Access Business Group, LLC, to reduce the indoor levels of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs). The HEPA filter removes the particle-bound PCDD/Fs, and the carbon filter removes the gaseous fraction. Because of the toxicity of PCDD/Fs, it is very difficult to handle them in the laboratory. In this study, mathematical modeling was performed to evaluate the performance of the HEPA-carbon filtration system for PCDD/Fs removal and to optimize its design and operation. The model was calibrated with experimental data conducted with toluene in a sealed room. Model simulations with four selected congeners demonstrated that it takes approximately 1 hr for the indoor air treatment system to reach the maximum removal efficiency and that the carbon air filter has a life time of 10(7) yr for dioxin removal. Given a zero emission from the HEPA filter, the overall removal efficiency is 78.7% for 2,3,7,8-tetrachloro dibenzo-p-dioxins, 89.8% for octa-chlorodibenzodioxin, 78% for tetra-chlorodibenzofuran, and 89.8% for octa-chlorodibenzofuran. The larger the mass emission from the HEPA filter, the lower the overall removal efficiency, and the larger the ratio of the filter flow rate (Q(f)) to the room flow rate (Q), the higher the overall removal efficiency. When the ratio of Q(f)/Q is 15, an overall removal efficiency of 90% can be reached for all four of the selected compounds. The removal of the four selected compounds does not change as the relative humidity increases < or = 90%.     

城市固体废物好氧生物反应器填埋方式的实验研究

MSW(城市固体废物)生物反应器型填埋是一种较新颖的方法。在系统分析现有填埋方法优缺点的基础上,对其加以改进,将强制通风好氧和渗滤液循环2种方式有机地结合在一起,构建了MSW好氧生物反应器。考察了NH3、CH4、CO2、pH和温度等因素,并监测分析了渗滤液中的COD、BOD5、Zn2+、NH4+和NO3-等指标,旨在研究其中垃圾的降解及渗滤液中COD、BOD5、Zn2+、NH4+和NO3-的去除情况,探讨该生物反应器对垃圾和渗滤液相关参数的作用机理。结果表明,该反应器对渗滤液中COD、BOD5、NO3-的去除率分别达到96.34%、94.58%和99.9%,对其中的Zn2+也有较好的脱除效果。