Seasonal and spatial character of PCBs in a chemical industrial zone of Shanghai,China

As one of China’s great metropolises, Shanghai is suffering from the impact of manufacture and the use of chemical industrial products, and it faces serious pollution from polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). Therefore, in this study, in order to assess the seasonal and spatial character of contamination from chemical industrial zones, the concentrations of PCBs have been measured in various environmental media, including soil, leaves, and atmospheric particulate samples collected in a chemical industrial zone of Shanghai and compared with samples from presumably unpolluted sites of rural areas. In soils, the PCB concentrations ranged from 0.5 ng g⁻¹ (unpolluted site) to 586.85 ng g⁻¹ (chlor-alkali industry site). The concentrations of PCBs in evergreen leaves ranged from 0.3 ng g⁻¹ to 32.46 ng g⁻¹, and more chlorinated biphenyls congeners, such as penta-biphenyls and hexa-biphenyls, were the dominant contributors in winter and spring. Seasonal differences and the constitution patterns of congeners might be affected by the temperature and industrial activities. The PCB concentrations in the leaves of deciduous trees increase over time as the leaves grow. The PCB concentration in atmospheric particulates was in the range of 9.22–14.15 × 10³ pg m⁻³, which might be the result of influence from climate and industrial activities. The relativity of PCB contents among the environmental media was discussed. The results in this paper provide an important profile of the current contamination status of a key chemical industrial zone in China.     

橡胶工业废水深度处理回用的研究

采用混凝沉淀－砂滤,活性炭吸附和反渗透处理工艺,对齐鲁石橡胶厂排放的工业废水进行了深度处理后回用的实验研究。混凝沉淀－砂滤主要用于去除悬浮物质去除率约为９３％;活性炭主要去除难生物降解的可溶性有机物质对ＣＯＤ,石油类,挥发酚和色度的去除率分别为６０％,８０％,８０％和７０％;反渗透主要去除无机盐类和一些残余有机物质对ＴＤＳ和无机盐的去除率分别为９３％和８５％。     

TiO2/活性炭复合体对罗丹明B的光催化降解

以紫外灯为光源,通过对可溶性染料罗丹明B的降解反应,考察TiO2／活性炭复合体的光催化活性,探讨了光催化反应中溶液的pH值、光强、反应温度和罗丹明B的起始浓度对催化反应的影响,结果表明,TiO2／活性炭复合体具有很高的光催化活性,对罗丹明B的降解过程遵循Langmuir-Hinshelwood动力学方程,降解速率受pH值、罗丹明B起始浓度和入射光强度的影响很大,反应温度对降解速率影响很小．在研究范围内,pH6和40W的入射光强度有利于光催化降解．     

杭州市农贸市场的噪声特点分析

对农贸市场噪声进行了监测分析。结果发现,农贸市场营业时,市场内的噪声超标,其最小值出现在中午,最大值出现在下午下班高峰期;农贸市场一天内不同时段噪声污染级的数值大小有一定的差距;用噪声冲击指数来评定农贸市场声环境质量,其声环境质量极差。     

环境检测对环境治理的促进意义与价值分析

近年来,我国生态环境问题日益凸显,为我国社会经济的和谐繁荣发展带来严重影响。我国政府部门十分重视环境污染问题,并将环境治理作为政府工作的重要内容。环境监测工作是开展环境治理的重要保障和基础,因此只有不断提升环境监测技术水平才能推动我国环境治理工作的科学高效开展。本文就环境监测对环境治理的促进意义及价值进行全面探讨和分析,希望为相关领域从业者提供必要的参考和帮助。     

鸟粪对同里湿地底泥重金属含量分布及形态影响

以同里国家湿地公园为研究区,探讨鸟类排泄物对河流底泥重金属全量及形态的影响。选取有鸟粪区域底泥和无鸟粪区域底泥样品,用元素分析仪测定C、N、H、S含量,ICP OES测定重金属Cr、Ni、Cu、Zn和Co含量,运用Tessier五步法提取可交换态（F1）、碳酸盐结合态（F2）、铁锰氧化态（F3）、有机物结合态（F4）和残渣态（F5）,并对两区域底泥潜在生态风险进行了研究。结果表明：C、N、H、S含量在两区域无显著差异,但有鸟粪区域变异系数高于无鸟粪区域。Cr、Ni和Co均呈现有鸟粪区域显著高于无鸟粪区域（P = 0017,0004,0001 < 005）。同里湿地底泥重金属形态以残渣态为主,但有鸟粪区域底泥重金属有效态占比高于无鸟粪区域。潜在生态风险评估表明同里湿地底泥中5种重金属单因子潜在生态风险和综合潜在风险值均较低,但有鸟粪区域值较高,其潜在生态风险大于无鸟粪区域。综上,有鸟粪区域底泥的重金属含量以及生态风险高于无鸟粪区域,所以对该湿地鸟粪的清理很有必要     

基于云模型的民用机场消防指挥员决策能力测评研究

为研究民用机场消防指挥员决策能力,考虑测评指标分为定性与定量2类,且指标存在模糊性的特点,建立基于云模型的民用机场消防指挥员决策能力测评方法。根据相关规章规定、专家意见和问卷调查结果,确定测评指标体系,并依据云模型原理建立定性到定量的测评转换模型,将指标的定性测评转化为直观的定量评价;最后,根据云模型的期望、熵、超熵,评价民用机场消防指挥员决策能力水平。研究结果表明:利用基于云模型原理构建的定性与定量测评转换模型进行决策能力测评,所得测评结果能够体现评价指标模糊性和随机性的特点,评估结果更加直观且贴近实际情况。     

Mixture risk assessment due to ingestion of arsenic,copper, and zinc from milkfish farmed in contaminated coastal areas

Human health risks associated with the consumption of metal-contaminated fish over extended periods have become a concern particularly in Taiwan, where fish is consumed on a large scale. This study applied the interaction-based hazard index (HI) to assess the mixture health risks for fishers and non-fishers who consume the arsenic (As), copper (Cu), and zinc (Zn) contaminated milkfish from As-contaminated coastal areas in Taiwan, taking into account joint toxic actions and potential toxic interactions. We showed that the interactions of As–Zn and Cu–Zn were antagonistic, whereas As–Cu interaction was additive. We found that HI estimates without interactions considered were 1.3–1.6 times higher than interactive HIs. Probability distributions of HI estimates for non-fishers were less than 1, whereas all 97.5%-tile HI estimates for fishers were >1. Analytical results revealed that the level of inorganic As in milkfish was the main contributor to HIs, indicating a health risk posed to consumers of fish farmed in As-contaminated areas. However, we found that Zn supplementation could significantly decrease As-induced risk of hematological effect by activating a Zn-dependent enzyme. In order to improve the accuracy of health risk due to exposure to multiple metals, further toxicological data, regular environmental monitoring, dietary survey, and refinement approaches for interactive risk assessment are warranted.     

某化工企业厂界内及周边土壤中二噁英健康风险评估

在某化工企业厂界内及周边布设9个土壤点位,对其二噁英进行检测与分析,依据《污染场地风险评估技术导则》对土壤中二噁英进行健康风险评估。结果表明,9个土壤点位二噁英毒性当量浓度为3.72~20.3 pg/g,均值为9.1 pg/g,均处于安全水平;在经口摄入、皮肤接触和吸入土壤颗粒物3种暴露途径下,只有4#点位具有较低的致癌风险;4#点位代表的场地区域为风险不可接受的污染区域,基于致癌效应的土壤风险控制值为1.84×10-5mg/kg。提出,应尽快研究并制定土壤中二噁英的标准限值。     

代谢表面活性剂菌处理含油污泥的研究

试验采用异位生物修复技术堆肥法,对某炼厂油泥进行生物修复处理研究.用微生物代谢的表面活性剂对油泥进行预处理,洗脱油泥中部分油分后进行堆肥试验,投加从油田含油土壤中获得的以石油为唯一碳源、代谢高效生物表面活性剂的微生物C-2菌、F-2菌以及无机营养物和疏松剂(锯末),降解油泥中的石油污染物.经过外源微生物和内源微生物共同作用120 d,油泥中的石油烃总量由22 910 mg/kg下降到3 000 mg/kg以下.试验利用色谱-质谱联用方法分析了降解前后石油组分的变化.菌株经传统方法鉴定为蜡状芽孢杆菌、枯草芽孢杆菌.