漂浮阴极SMFC传感器产电信号对不同重金属污染的响应特征及机制研究

我国十分重视对突发性水污染事件的监测和处置.本研究设计了一种实时在线监测重金属污染事件的漂浮阴极沉积物-微生物燃料电池传感器(漂浮阴极SMFC传感器).该传感器阳极埋设在淹水土壤中,阴极漂浮在水面作为污染响应元件,并向阴极分别加入Zn²⁺、Cd²⁺、Co²⁺、Ni²⁺、Pb²⁺、Cu²⁺、Cr⁶⁺溶液以模拟水体重金属污染事件,以探究该传感器电信号对不同重金属污染的响应特征及机制.结果显示,Cu²⁺和Cr⁶⁺污染引起传感器出现明显的电压峰,而其他5种重金属污染则未引起明显的电信号响应.该传感器电压信号对Cu²⁺污染的最低检测限为5 mg·L^-1,灵敏度为1.06 mV·L·mg^-1,线性范围为5～40 mg·L^-1;Cr⁶⁺污染的最低检测限为40 mg·L^-1,灵...     

Occurrence and distribution of sediment-associated insecticides in urban waterways in the Pearl River Delta, China

Sediment-associated pesticides, including organochlorine (OCP), organophosphate (OP), and pyrethroid insecticides, were analyzed in urban waterways in three cities (Guangzhou, Dongguan, and Shenzhen) in the Pearl River Delta (PRD), China. The OCPs represented 27.2% of the detectable insecticides in sediment, and chlordanes, DDTs, and endosulfans were the most frequently detected OCPs. The currently used insecticide chlorpyrifos was the only OP detected above the reporting limit (RL), with concentrations ranging from <RL to 100 ng g⁻¹ dry weight (dw). Additionally, pyrethroids were detected in all sediments with the sum pyrethroid concentrations ranging from 4.26 to 384 ng g⁻¹ dw and this represented 64.9% of the sum insecticide concentration. Despite their widespread use, no studies have been conducted investigating the occurrence and distribution of pyrethroids in China. As the first report of pyrethroids in urban waterways in China, the current study found cypermethrin was the most abundant insecticide detected in the PRD at concentrations ranging from 1.44 to 219 ng g⁻¹ dw. Spatially, sediment from more populous and urbanized areas (Shenzhen and Tianhe district in Guangzhou) had higher insecticide residues than less populous agricultural areas. In the more modernized city of Shenzhen, the OCPs were seldom detected, whereas more diverse patterns of pyrethroids were observed. Potential sources of these insecticides, especially the frequently detected pyrethroids, were most likely from pest control during urban landscaping maintenance and from abatement programs targeting mosquitoes and ants. Results suggested that a shift in application pattern and elevated urbanization increased accumulation of currently used insecticides like pyrethroids in sediment, and made them the predominate insecticides in the PRD urban waterways.     

基于GIS的江西省洪涝灾害风险评估

2010年夏季江西省发生多轮洪涝灾害,灾情十分严重。根据自然灾害系统理论,以江西省鄱阳湖流域地区为研究对象,从洪涝灾害的危险性、暴露性、脆弱性与防洪能力4个角度出发,选取降水、地形、水系、人口、经济、生态及圩堤等10个评价要素指标,采用90 m分辨率DEM、1960~2005年84个气象站点逐日降水量、2003~2008年江西洪涝灾情数据、2009年社会经济统计数据以及2005年江西省土地利用数据,以1 km单元格为基本评价单位,利用GIS空间分析与建模功能构建洪涝灾害风险评估指数模型,对江西省重大洪涝灾害进行综合风险评估。结果表明:该评估模型能成功应用于区域尺度,研究区洪灾风险分布呈现以江西北部的鄱阳湖湖区及蓄滞洪区为中心向两边递减的特点,从中心至外风险等级逐渐降低;从行政区划上,湖口、鄱阳、抚州、上饶等因地势平坦、降水量大、河网密集处于高风险区,而低风险区集中在降水少、地势高且山区分布较多、不易集水的江西南部,如:遂川、崇义等。经2010年6月17~25日发生的暴雨洪灾情况验证,该评价结果与实际情况相符,可为洪灾风险管理与决策提供科学依据。     

Fenton试剂预处理化工综合废水的研究

以化学工业园区废水为研究对象初步研究了Fenton试剂预处理化工综合废水时各影响因子的作用机制,通过正交实验确定了Fenton反应的最佳操作条件为：反应时间70 min,硫酸亚铁投加量为2.6 mmol/L,温度为40℃,初始pH3.5,二价铁离子和过氧化氢的摩尔比为1∶8时,COD的去除率可达到60%以上,B/C值可...     

三种重金属对长江口纹缟虾虎鱼早期发育的毒性作用

纹缟虾虎鱼广泛分布于长江口水域,它摄食底栖生物,同时又被大型鱼类所食,在长江口水域食物链中处于重要地位。研究了Cu2+、Pb2+、Zn2+3种重金属离子对长江口纹缟虾虎鱼从受精卵到出膜期、器官形成初期到出膜期、眼点形成期到出膜期等3个早期发育阶段孵化率和初孵仔鱼畸形率的影响,同时对早期仔鱼进行急性毒性试验。结果表明：3种重金属对胚胎及初孵仔鱼毒性大小依次为Cu2+>Zn2+>Pb2+。纹缟虾虎鱼胚胎在3种重金属影响下出现身体弯曲、萎缩和残缺,未能形成体节,心包囊肿等症状,还会出现较少见的胚体分叉、增生现象。纹缟虾虎鱼初孵仔鱼出现胸腔膨大、身体畸形等现象。仔鱼受重金属影响后,短期内表现出运动加剧,而后逐渐活力下降,个别仔鱼出现头部或者身体中部弯曲症状。Cu2+、Zn2+、Pb2+对早期仔鱼的安全浓度分别为0010、0136和0167 mg/L。研究结果可评估环境中重金属对纹缟虾虎鱼早期发育各个阶段的影响,亦为长江口水质监测与净化、纹缟虾虎鱼的资源增值以及中华鲟幼鱼栖息地饵料资源的保障提供参考.     

Study on the mechanism of action between dimethyl phthalate and herring sperm DNA at molecular level

Dimethyl phthalate (DMP), a typical phthalic acid ester, is widespread in the environment and causes extensive concern due to its adverse effects on human health. To understand the genotoxicity of DMP at molecular level, the toxic interaction of DMP with herring sperm (hs) deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA; hs-DNA) was investigated in vitro under simulated physiological conditions using multi-spectroscopic techniques and a molecular modeling method. The results of Ultraviolet-Visible absorption spectroscopy, fluorescence emission spectroscopy, and circular dichroism spectra indicated that DMP interacts with hs-DNA in a groove-binding mode that changes the double helical structure of DNA. The binding constant and the number of binding sites calculated from the fluorescence quenching data were 565.718 L mol^?1 and 0.7872, respectively. A molecular modeling study revealed that DMP tends to bind with DNA in the A-T-rich regions of minor groove and that hydrogen bonding and van der Waals forces play main roles in the interaction. This research can help to elucidate the mechanism of DMP toxicity in vivo.     

粘性泥石流扇状地发展过程实验研究

通过不同泥石流容重、不同堆积区坡度条件、不同水槽坡度条件的泥石流连续堆积实验共3组106次实验,定量地探讨了粘性泥石流扇状地发展过程的阶段性及其特征。以泥石流扇状地纵、横方向的平均堆积坡度为依据,将粘性泥石流扇状地的发展过程划分为三个发展阶段。第一阶段以扇状地在纵、横方向快速发展为特征。第二阶段扇状地纵向不再发展,以横向发展为主。第三阶段以扇状地纵向发展为主,横向发展缓慢。     

基质结构对潜流人工湿地氮磷降解规律的影响

构建单层结构及多层结构水平潜流人工湿地小试实验系统,对城市污水处理厂尾水进行深度处理,研究基质结构对人工湿地床体中氮、磷沿程变化规律的影响。实验结果表明,单层基质结构人工湿地氮、磷的降解主要集中在深度为50~85 cm之间的床体表层,底层区域(0~50 cm)浓度变化不显著;多层结构人工湿地床体中氮、磷的降解由进水口到出水口呈较为规律的推流变化,与单层结构系统相比,污染物降解主要发生区域有所扩大,集中在深度为40~85 cm的床体表层,且床体底层0~40 cm氮磷降解同样存在,只是降解速率略有降低。按照填料渗透系数进行多层填充的设计方式能够显著提升潜流人工湿地对污染物的净化性能,单层结构人工湿地系统对氨氮和总磷的平均去除率分别为40.1%和52.9%,而多层结构的平均去除率则为60.4%和73.1%。     

Distribution,origin, and transformation of metal and metalloid pollution in vegetable fields,irrigation water,and aerosols near a Pb-Zn mine

Pollution of arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), chromium (Cr), copper (Cu), lead (Pb), and zinc (Zn) in vegetable fields was investigated near a Pb-Zn mine that has been exploited for over 50 years without a tailing reservoir. A total of 205 water, soil, and aerosol samples were taken and quantified by combined chemical, spectrometric, and mineral analytical methods. The pollution origins were identified by Pb isotopes and the pathways of transformation and transport of the elements and minerals was studied. The data showed that the vegetable fields were seriously polluted by As, Cd, and Pb. Some concentrations in the samples were beyond the regulatory levels and not suitable for agricultural activities. This study revealed that: (1) particulate matter is a major pollution source and an important carrier of mineral particles and pollutants; (2) the elements from the polluted water and soils were strongly correlated with each other; (3) Pb isotope ratios from the samples show that Pb minerals were the major pollution sources in the nearby vegetable fields, and the aerosols were the main carrier of mining pollution; (4) the alkaline, rich-carbonate, and wet conditions in this area promoted the weathering and transformation of galena into the secondary minerals, anglesite and cerussite, which are significant evidence of such processes; (5) the soil and the aerosols are a recycled secondary pollution source for each other when being re-suspended with wind. Highlights ? Mining activities generated heavy metal pollution in fields around a Pb-Zn mine ? The elements from water and soils are strongly correlated ? Anglesite and cerussite are evidence of galena transformation into secondary minerals ? Particulate matter is an important transport carrier of pollution     

Recycling of calcium fluoride sludge as ceramic material using low temperature sintering technology

The Chinese integrated circuit industry has been transformed from a small state-owned sector into a global competitor, but chip manufacturing produces large amounts of calcium fluoride sludge (CFS). The current treating method is landfill in China. In order to solve the problem of unavailable landfill sites and the dissolved CFS polluting water sources, CFS was tested as a component for a ceramic product made with sodium borate, sodium phosphate, and waste alumina using a low temperature sintering technology. The ceramic was characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), microstructure, compressive strength. XRD and microstructure analyses verified that CFS was transformed into Na₂Ca(PO₄)F as an inert crystalline phase in ceramic, which is enclosed by the borophosphate glass liquid phase. Toxicity characteristic leaching procedure and corrosion resistance tests verified that fluorine from CFS was solidified in the inert crystalline phase, which did not release to cause secondary pollution. This novel technology produces high-performance ceramic as a construction material, in accordance with the concept of sustainable development.