基于浮动车数据分析交通状态对轻型车排放的影响

为探讨交通状态对道路轻型车运行工况和尾气排放的影响,收集广州市珠江新城路网中出租车、轻型货车的浮动车数据并计算轻型车的运行工况参数,结合MOVES模型(Motor Vehicle Emission Simulator)和交通流量数据仿真计算轻型车的尾气排放量,分析畅通、拥堵、严重拥堵3种交通状态下轻型车的运行工况、排放速率、尾气排放量的变化与差异. 结果表明:在相同道路类型、不同交通状态下,轻型车的运行工况差异较大,其中拥堵和严重拥堵状态下运行模式分布主要集中于怠速、低速运行模式;在相同交通状态下,主干路的运行工况优于次干路,其怠速运行模式所占比例较次干路低15%~20%;畅通状态下,主、次干路轻型车HC、NO_x、CO平均单车排放速率分别为2.00、1.87,2.57、2.47,42.59、37.51 mg/s,分别约为拥堵状态下的1.17、1.27、1.35倍,约为严重拥堵状态下的1.30、1.39、1.70倍,而主、次干路PM_2.5平均单车排放速率在3种交通状态下均接近,范围在0.050~0.056 mg/s之间;轻型车在严重拥堵状态下单位时间的污染物排放量最高,是畅通状态下的2.22~3.87倍. 研究显示,交通状态是影响轻型车动态排放速率及道路总排放的重要因素.      

共培养体系中石莼和江蓠对赤潮异弯藻生长的影响

研究共培养体系中2种大型海藻石莼(Ulva pertusa)和江蓠(Gracilaria lemaneiformis)的鲜组织和培养液滤液对赤潮异弯藻(Heterosigma akashiwo)生长的影响.结果发现:①石莼和江蓠均能明显影响赤潮异弯藻生长,鲜组织的作用更明显,能在短时间内完全灭杀共培养的赤潮异弯藻;石莼对微藻的影响强于江蓠的作用.②除菌作用和补充充足的碳酸盐不能消除或缓解石莼和江蓠对赤潮异弯藻生长的影响,说明细菌和碳限制不是导致大藻对微藻作用的原因.③对共培养体系中硝酸盐和磷酸盐的跟踪测定结果显示,营养盐限制不是造成石莼对赤潮异弯藻影响的原因,但却在江蓠的作用中起重要作用.当向江蓠体系中补充f/2营养盐后发现,充足的营养盐能够减轻但不能完全消除江蓠对赤潮异弯藻生长的影响.另一方面,石莼的起始浓度与其对赤潮异弯藻的生长影响之间存在明显的相关性,石莼的起始浓度越高,对赤潮异弯藻的影响越明显.④实验初步说明,石莼可能通过相生相克作用影响共培养体系中赤潮异弯藻的生长,而相生相克和营养竞争的共同作用是导致江蓠作用的根本原因.     

Removal of heavy metals and arsenic from a co-contaminated soil by sieving combined with washing process

Batch experiments were conducted with a heavy metals and arsenic co-contaminated soil from an abandoned mine to evaluate the feasibility of a remediation technology that combines sieving with soil washing.Leaching of the arsenic and heavy metals from the different particle size fractions was found to decrease in the order: 0.1,2–0.1,and 2 mm.With increased contact time,the concentration of heavy metals in the leachate was significantly decreased for small particles,probably because of adsorption by the clay soil component.For the different particle sizes,the removal efficiencies for Pb and Cd were75%–87%,and 61%–77% for Zn and Cu,although the extent of removal was decreased for As and Cr at 45%.The highest efficiency by washing for Pb,Cd,Zn,and As was from the soil particles 2 mm,although good metal removal efficiencies were also achieved in the small particle size fractions.Through SEM-EDS observations and correlation analysis,the leaching regularity of the heavy metals and arsenic was found to be closely related to Fe,Mn,and Ca contents of the soil fractions.The remediation of heavy metal-contaminated soil by sieving combined with soil washing was proven to be efficient,and practical remediation parameters were also recommended.     

粉煤灰-石灰中温烟气脱硫和蒸汽活化的机理

实验研究了粉煤灰 -石灰吸收剂经 150℃和400～800℃蒸汽处理后 ,其固硫能力的改善程度 ,并借助扫描电镜、X射线衍射分析技术对蒸汽活化机理进行分析 .粉煤灰 -石灰的一次硫化样品经 150℃蒸汽处理后 ,CaO转化为 Ca(OH)₂,石灰颗粒发生破碎 ,粉煤灰颗粒表面粘附了大量的含钙微粒 ,从而大大增加了吸收剂的有效反应表面积 ,在 400～800℃的脱硫反应温度下使其转化率比未处理吸收剂的转化率提高了 0.8～ 1.5倍 .150℃蒸汽处理方式比 400～800℃蒸汽处理方式的效果好 .     

碱热-酸热法合成二氧化钛-钛酸纳米管复合纳米材料对Cd(Ⅱ)和苯酚的同步去除

以P25型Ti O2为原料,经碱热和酸热反应合成了Ti O2/TNTs复合纳米材料,该材料皆具钛酸纳米管(TNTs)和Ti O2晶相.Cd(Ⅱ)在Ti O2/TNTs上的吸附动力学过程很快,30 min即可达到吸附平衡,此外,Langmuir等温模型拟合所得最大吸附量达120.34 mg·g-1,其主要吸附机制为Cd2+与复合材料中TNTs层间Na+/H+的离子交换.Ti O2/TNTs对苯酚的吸附量较低(0.36 mg·g-1),因此光催化反应以实现苯酚的降解是必需的.构建的吸附-光催化系统可实现Cd(Ⅱ)和苯酚的同步有效去除,180 min时二者的去除率分别可达到99.6%和99.7%.Cd(Ⅱ)的去除源于暗室下复合材料中TNTs相的吸附,而苯酚的去除在于后续复合材料中Ti O2相的光催化.Cd(Ⅱ)的共存可提高苯酚的光催化降解效率,原因在于Cd(Ⅱ)吸附进入材料层间后有助于材料光催化性能的提升.共存Na+对Cd(Ⅱ)和苯酚在Ti O2/TNTs上的同步去除影响极小;而共存Ca2+由于竞争吸附和促进材料团聚的原因,会轻微抑制Cd(Ⅱ)在Ti O2/TNTs上的吸附,但对苯酚的光催化降解影响较小.此外,Ti O2/TNTs可有效循环利用,经HNO3解吸和Na OH再生后,3次循环后材料对Cd(Ⅱ)和苯酚的去除率依然可达91.7%和98.1%.该研究提供了一种合成皆具吸附和光催化性能的钛系材料的方法,对于应用纳米材料实现水体环境中重金属和有机物的同时去除具有一定的借鉴意义.     

中国粮食安全与耕地资源变化的相关分析

实现国家粮食安全的最基本条件是保证粮食基本自给,而耕地资源是粮食自给能力的基础。21世纪中国人口将继续增长,人均粮食消费水平将有所提高,粮食需求压力日益增大;工业化、城市化进程加快和经济高速发展将使原本稀缺的耕地资源不可逆转地部分流向非农化利用,人地矛盾将更趋尖锐。论文分析了耕地数量变化及质量状况与粮食生产的相关关系,结论表明,中国21世纪粮食安全战略中必须高度重视耕地的数量保持和质量改善。     

我国工业固体废弃物的管理及资源化探讨

针对我国目前工业固体废物情况提出相应对策:加强法制和标准建设;综合利用;推广清洁生产,严格控制产生总量,实施全过程管理;推进垃圾处理处置社会化进程,建立工业固体废物的排放收费制度,实行工业企业固体废物排放许可证制度;积极推行IS014000以及加强国际合作交流。     

层状双氢氧化物即时合成处理含Cr(Ⅵ)废水

利用LDH合成原理,提出了即时合成层状双氢氧化物去除Cr(Ⅵ)的新方法.其基本原理是,在废水处理中由于Mg²⁺、Al³⁺水解共沉淀形成LDH,Cr(Ⅵ)阴离子优先进入LDH结构层间平衡结构电荷,从而使Cr(Ⅵ)阴离子以LDH沉淀的形式被去除.这一原理已为模拟废水实验和沉淀物结构分析证实.研究结果表明,影响处理效果的因素是Mg/Al比值、pH值以及Cr(Ⅵ)浓度,当pH值为8.5～9、Mg/Al为1∶1～2∶1时Cr去除率最高,Mg、Al利用率也比较高,出水水质满足工业排放要求,从而显示这种废水处理技术具有非常好的效果.     

淀山湖水生态系统的物质循环

为了解淀山湖水生态系统中氮、磷的循环过程与特征,于1990～1995年间在全湖布设的25个样点上调查、测定了淀山湖水生态系统中各营养级的种类组成、生物量、生产力,以及水质和底质情况;并估算了淀山湖氮、磷的主要输入与输出途径和数量。根据湖中生物体内氮、磷的含量建立了淀山湖水生态系统内氮、磷循环模式。氮、磷输入、输出统计表明,磷基本平衡,氮每年约有117.72t积累在湖中。淀山湖目前仍以有机污染为主,处在中营养向富营养湖泊的过渡阶段。各类水生生物对于维持淀山湖水生态系统的物质平衡具有重要作用。     

Effect of alginic acid decomposing bacterium on the growth of Laminaria japonica (Phaeophyceae)

We collected the diseased blades of Larninaria japonica from Yantai Sea Farm from October to December 2002, and the alginic acid decomposing bacterium on the diseased blade was isolated and purified, and was identified as A lteromonas espejiana. This bacterium was applied as the causative pathogen to infect the blades of L. japonica under laboratory conditions. The aim of the present study was to identify the effects of the bacterium on the growth of L. japonica, and to find the possibly effective mechanism. Results showed that： （1）The blades of L.japonica exhibited symptoms of lesion,bleaching and deteriortion when infected by the bacterium. and their growth and photosynthesis were dramatically suppressed. At the same time, the reactive oxygen species （ROS） generation enhanced obviously, and the relative membrane permeability increased significantly. The contents of malonaldehyde （MDA） and free fatty acid in the microsomol membrane greatly elevated, but the phospholipid content decreased. Result suggested an obvious peroxidation and deesterrification in the blades of L. japonica when infected by the bacterium. （2） The simultaneous assay on the antioxidant enzyme activities demonstrated that superoxide dismutase （SOD） and catalase （CAT） increased greatly when infected by the bacterium, but glutathione peroxidase （Gpx） and ascorbate peroxidase （APX） did not exhibit active responses to the bacterium throughout the experiment. （3） The histomorphological observations gave a distinctive evidence of the severity of the lesions as well as the relative abundance in the bacterial population on the blades after infection. The bacterium firstly invaded into the endodermis of L. japonica and gathered around there, and then resulted in the membrane damage, cells corruption and ultimately, the death of L. japonica.