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541.
You B. Si Guo D. Fang Jing Zhou Dong M. Zhou 《Journal of environmental science and health. Part. B》2013,48(3):233-241
Reductive transformation of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) by nanoscale and microscale Fe3O4 was investigated and compared. Disappearance of the parent species and formation of reaction intermediates and products were kinetically analyzed. Results suggest that the transformation of 2,4-D followed a primary pathway of its complete reduction to phenol and a secondary pathway of sequential reductive hydrogenolysis to 2,4-dichlorophenol (2,4-DCP), chlorophenol (2-CP, 4-CP) and phenol. About 65% of 2,4-D with initial concentration of 50 μ M was transformed within 48 h in the presence of 300 mg L?1 nanoscale Fe3O4, and the reaction rates increased with increasing dosage of nanoscale Fe3O4. The decomposition of 2,4-D proceeded rapidly at optimum pH 3.0. Chloride was identified as a reduction product for 2,4-D in the magnetite–water system. Reductive transformation of 2,4-D by microscale Fe3O4 was slower than that by nanoscale Fe3O4. The reactions apparently followed pseudo-first-order kinetics with respect to the 2,4-D transformation. The degradation rate of 2,4-D decreased with the increase of initial 2,4-D concentration. In addition, anions had a significant adverse impact on the degradation efficiency of 2,4-D. 相似文献
542.
选择阴离子表面活性剂十二烷基硫酸钠(SDS)作为污染物,以近海底栖双壳贝类菲律宾蛤仔为受试生物,研究了SDS胁迫对菲律宾蛤仔的急性毒性效应以及长期暴露后菲律宾蛤仔抗氧化酶(SOD,POD,CAT)活性的变化。结果表明,(1)随着SDS浓度的增加,对菲律宾蛤仔的毒性越强表现出"剂量-效应"关系,SDS对菲律宾蛤仔96 h的半数致死浓度LC50=1.466 mg/L;(2)SDS胁迫引起菲律宾蛤仔的SOD、POD、CAT活性显著变化,低浓度SDS对三种酶的活性均具有诱导作用,高浓度SDS对三种酶的活性均具有抑制效应,中浓度组的SOD和POD酶活性呈现先升后降的趋势,而CAT活性受到抑制;(3)不同组织的抗氧化酶活性对SDS的敏感性表现出一定的差异性,对于SOD与CAT,三种组织敏感性为内脏团>外套膜>肌肉组织,而POD敏感性为外套膜>内脏团>肌肉组织。 相似文献
543.
544.
Chao He Yunshan Ge Jianwei Tan Kewei You Xunkun Han Junfang Wang Qiuwen You Asad Naeem Shah 《Atmospheric environment (Oxford, England : 1994)》2009,43(24):3657-3661
The characteristics of carbonyl compounds emissions were investigated on a direct injection, turbocharged diesel engine fueled with pure biodiesel derived from soybean oil. The gas-phase carbonyls were collected by 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine (DNPH)-coated silica cartridges from diluted exhaust and analyzed by HPLC with UV detector. A commercial standard mixture including 14 carbonyl compounds was used for quantitative analysis. The experimental results indicate that biodiesel-fueled engine almost has triple carbonyls emissions of diesel-fueled engine. The weighted carbonyls emission of 8-mode test cycle of biodiesel is 90.8 mg (kW h)?1 and that of diesel is 30.7 mg (kW h)?1. The formaldehyde is the most abundant compound of carbonyls for both biodiesel and diesel, taking part for 46.2% and 62.7% respectively. The next most significant compounds are acetaldehyde, acrolein and acetone for both fuels. The engine fueled with biodiesel emits a comparatively high content of propionaldehyde and methacrolein. Biodiesel, as an alternative fuel, has lower specific reactivity (SR) caused by carbonyls compared with diesel. When fueled with biodiesel, carbonyl compounds make more contribution to total hydrocarbon emission. 相似文献
545.
太原市降水化学特征及来源分析 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
本研究采集了2012年3—11月间35场太原降水样品,探讨了pH值、电导率和水溶性化学组成特征。结果表明,降水pH加权平均值为5.27;电导率平均值为98.8μS/cm,表明大气污染显著;SO2-4(471.8μeq/L)、NO-3(93.6μeq/L)、Ca2+(477.4μeq/L)和NH+4(133.4μeq/L)是太原降水的主导离子,4种离子占总离子浓度的85%。SO2-4/NO-3当量浓度比为4.38,比太原市1986年的比值(19.02)下降了77%。太原降水的酸性仍以SO2-4主导,但NO-3比例大幅上升。降水离子相关性分析和气团后向轨迹表明太原市大气污染物主要来自自身排污企业(热电厂、钢铁厂等)污染物的扩散以及省内焦化企业污染物的输送等小尺度区域内。太原市硫的湿沉降量为1.93 t/(km2·a);氮湿沉降量为1.54 t/(km2·a),其中铵态氮和硝态氮分别为1.28 t/(km2·a)和0.26 t/(km2·a);钙为5.87 t/(km2·a)。 相似文献
546.
547.
548.
轴入式旋风子气粒分离特性的数值模拟与试验 总被引:2,自引:1,他引:1
对轴入式旋风子通过数值模拟和试验测试分析其阻力性能与效率性能.将气体相作为连续介质,采用κ-ε湍流模型,对流场进行数值模拟;将颗粒相作为离散体系,采用随机轨道模型,根据已算出的流场来计算颗粒轨道,分析其阻力与效率性能.计算时选用不同粒径的颗粒相进行模拟,从而得到不同工况下的阻力性能与效率性能.试验测试时,通过改变风速,测定不同风速下多管旋风的阻力损失以及额定流量下的除尘效率.并对模拟结果与试验作比较分析,阐明了利用数值模拟在工程设计实施前或产品生产(改造)前预测方案的实际效果与产品性能的可行性. 相似文献
549.
Wheeler AJ Xu X Kulka R You H Wallace L Mallach G Van Ryswyk K MacNeill M Kearney J Rasmussen PE Dabek-Zlotorzynska E Wang D Poon R Williams R Stocco C Anastassopoulos A Miller JD Dales R Brook JR 《Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association (1995)》2011,61(3):324-338
The Windsor, Ontario Exposure Assessment Study evaluated the contribution of ambient air pollutants to personal and indoor exposures of adults and asthmatic children living in Windsor, Ontario, Canada. In addition, the role of personal, indoor, and outdoor air pollution exposures upon asthmatic children's respiratory health was assessed. Several active and passive sampling methods were applied, or adapted, for personal, indoor, and outdoor residential monitoring of nitrogen dioxide, volatile organic compounds, particulate matter (PM; PM-2.5 pm [PM2.5] and < or =10 microm [PM10] in aerodynamic diameter), elemental carbon, ultrafine particles, ozone, air exchange rates, allergens in settled dust, and particulate-associated metals. Participants completed five consecutive days of monitoring during the winter and summer of 2005 and 2006. During 2006, in addition to undertaking the air pollution measurements, asthmatic children completed respiratory health measurements (including peak flow meter tests and exhaled breath condensate) and tracked respiratory symptoms in a diary. Extensive quality assurance and quality control steps were implemented, including the collocation of instruments at the National Air Pollution Surveillance site operated by Environment Canada and at the Michigan Department of Environmental Quality site in Allen Park, Detroit, MI. During field sampling, duplicate and blank samples were also completed and these data are reported. In total, 50 adults and 51 asthmatic children were recruited to participate, resulting in 922 participant days of data. When comparing the methods used in the study with standard reference methods, field blanks were low and bias was acceptable, with most methods being within 20% of reference methods. Duplicates were typically within less than 10% of each other, indicating that study results can be used with confidence. This paper covers study design, recruitment, methodology, time activity diary, surveys, and quality assurance and control results for the different methods used. 相似文献
550.