Long-term declining in carbon monoxide(CO) at a rural site of Beijing during 2006–2018 implies the improved combustion efficiency and effective emission control

Carbon monoxide(CO) is primarily the result of incomplete combustion, which has important impacts on the atmospheric chemical cycle and climate. Improved quantitative characterization of long-term CO trends is important for both atmospheric modeling and the design and implementation of policies to efficiently control multiple pollutants. Due to the limitations of high time-resolution and high-quality long-term observational data, studies on long-term trends in the CO concentration in China are q...     

2022年北京市城区PM2.5水溶性离子含量及其变化特征

为探究北京市大气细颗粒物（PM_2.5）水溶性离子含量及其变化特征,有针对性地提出污染防治方案,对2022年全年PM_2.5水溶性离子、气态前体物（SO₂、NO₂）和气象因素（温度、RH）进行分析测定.结果表明,北京市城区PM_2.5中占比最高的水溶性离子为NO₃^-、NH₄⁺和SO₄^2-,占PM_2.5的52.7%,ρ（PM_2.5）（33.2 μg·m^-3）和ρ（SNA）（18.9 μg·m^-3）低于历史研究结果,但SNA占比（52.7%）、SOR（0.45）和NOR（0.15）高于历史研究结果,体现出北京市细颗粒物污染得到明显改善,但仍具有较强的二次污染特征.NO₃^-/SO₄^2-为2.2,高于历史及附近省市研究结果,反映出移动源的影响不断扩大.从季节变化上看,PM_2.5呈现秋高夏低的变化特征,秋、春、冬这3个季节NO₃^-的占比最高,夏季SO₄^2-占比最高,而NH₄⁺在各季节占比变化不大.NOR与SOR的季节变化规律几乎相反,反映出二者的转化形成因素存在差异.北京城区SNA的主要存在形式为NH₄NO₃和（NH₄）₂SO₄,其中冬季阴阳离子中和度最高,夏季阳离子NH₄⁺稍显不足,而春秋两季NH₄⁺处于过量状态,北京城区为富氨环境.从污染级别看,水溶性离子质量浓度均随污染加重有不同程度的增长,增长最快的是SNA,其在PM_2.5中占比出现先上升后稳定的变化特征.从空间分布特征来看,中心城区和东南西北部郊区的SNA质量浓度大小均为：NO₃^->SO₄^2->NH₄⁺,体现了以NO₃^-为主导的污染特征;SNA对PM_2.5的贡献率最高的区域发生在东部、中心城区和传输点,表明在中心城区和东部地区二次反应相对活跃,同时区域传输也是二次离子的重要来源.     

正态信息扩散法在确定河冰抗压强度概率分布中的应用

将正态信息扩散法应用于小样本条件下河冰抗压强度概率密度函数的确定,建立了小样本条件下河冰抗压强度概率分布,并结合K-S检验法和河冰抗压强度试验数据,分析了该方法的合理性。结果表明,本文方法可以较好解决小样本情况下河冰抗压强度概率分布的确定问题,正态信息扩散分布更加接近河冰抗压强度的真实分布,并优于经典分布的拟合方法。     

网络传播中的环境保护宣传

随着电脑、互联网和多媒体在人们生活中的不断应用,网络传播成为了一种重要的信息传播方式,学会利用网络传播的优势,开展环境保护宣传,必将为未来的环保工作打开一个新的局面。     

Naphthalene biodegradation kinetics in an aerobic slurry-phase bioreactor

The research was focused on the slurry-phase biodegradation of naphthalene in soil. Among ex situ techniques, the slurry phase offers the advantage of increased availability of contaminants to bacteria. From naphthalene contaminated soil, a Pseudomonas putida M8 strain capable to degrade naphthalene was selected. Experiments were performed in a stirred and oxygenated reactor. In this study, the influence of air flow rate and agitation rate on volatilisation and biodegradation of naphthalene was investigated. The hydrocarbon disappearance, the carbon dioxide production, and the ratio of total heterotrophic and naphthalene-degrading bacteria was monitored. The results obtained confirm that the selected bioremediation technology is successful in the treatment of contaminated soils.     

Prenatal diagnosis of kyphomelic dysplasia

Kyphomelic dysplasia (KD) is a rare autosomal recessive entity characterized by disproportionate dwarfism with shortening and bowing of the limbs, narrow chest, 11 ribs and metaphyseal flaring. Mental development is generally normal. We report the in utero ultrasound appearances and post-mortem radiographic findings of a 22-week-old male fetus suggestive of KD. A review of 19 previously reported patients with KD is also presented. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Effects of arsenic concentrations and forms on arsenic uptake by the hyperaccumulator ladder brake

Ladder brake (Pteris vittata L.) is a newly discovered arsenic hyperaccumulator. No information is available about arsenic effects on ladder brake. This study determined the effects of different arsenic concentrations (50 to 1000 mg kg(-1)) or forms (organic vs. inorganic and arsenite vs. arsenate) applied to soils on growth and arsenic uptake by ladder brake. Young plants were grown in a greenhouse for 12 or 18 wk. Ladder brake was highly tolerant of arsenic and survived in soil containing up to 500 mg As kg(-1). The fact that addition of arsenate up to 100 mg As kg(-1) increased fern biomass by 64 to 107%, coupled with higher arsenic concentration in younger fronds at low soil arsenic concentrations and older fronds at high soil arsenic concentrations, implies that arsenic may be beneficial for fern growth. Addition of 50 mg As kg(-1) was best for fern growth and arsenic accumulation, resulting in the highest fern biomass (3.9 g plant(-1)), bioconcentration factor (up to 63), and translocation factor (up to 25). With an exception of FeAsO4 and AlAsO4, which had the lowest effects due to their low solubility, little difference was observed among other arsenic forms mainly because of arsenic conversion in soil. Aboveground biomass was mostly responsible for accumulation of arsenic by plant (75-99%). Up to 26% of the added arsenic was removed by ladder brake, showing the high efficiency of ladder brake in arsenic removal. The results suggest that ladder brake may be a good candidate to remediate arsenic-contaminated soils.     

Phosphorus exchangeability and leaching losses from two grassland soils

Although phosphate phosphorus (P) is strongly sorbed in many soils, it may be quickly transported through the soil by preferential flow. Under flood irrigation, preferential flow is especially pronounced and associated solute losses may be important. Phosphorus losses induced by flood irrigation were investigated in a lysimeter study. Detailed soil chemical analyses revealed that P was very mobile in the topsoil, but the higher P-fixing capacity of the subsoil appeared to restrict P mobility. Application of a dye tracer enabled preferential flow pathways to be identified. Soil sampling according to dye staining patterns revealed that exchangeable P was significantly greater in preferential flow areas as compared with the unstained soil matrix. This could be partly attributed to the accumulation of organic carbon and P, together with enhanced leaching of Al- and Fe-oxides in the preferential flow areas, which resulted in reduced P sorption. The irrigation water caused a rapid hydrologic response by displacement of resident water from the subsoil. Despite the occurrence of preferential flow, most of the outflowing water was resident soil water and very low in P. In these soils the occurrence of preferential flow per se is not sufficient to cause large P losses even if the topsoil is rich in P. It appears that the P was retained in lower parts of the soil profile characterized by a very high P-fixing capacity. This study demonstrates the risks associated with assessing potential P losses on the basis of P mobility in the topsoil alone.     

Photoperiodic control of germination in the unicell Chlamydomonas

Photoperiodic time measurement is a well-documented adaptation of multicellular plants and animals to seasonal changes in the environment, but it is unclear whether unicellular organisms can exhibit bona fide photoperiodic responses. We demonstrate that the occurrence of zygospore germination of the unicellular alga Chlamydomonas is a genuine photoperiodic response. Germination efficiency is enhanced in long days as compared with short days. While the total amount of light exposure influences the efficiency of germination, the photoperiod is a significant cue for germination. The developmental stage that senses the photoperiod is just prior to mating and during the first days of zygospore development, so there may be a critical window of zygospore maturation that is regulated by photoperiod. Because zygospores are resistant to freezing injury, whereas vegetative cells are not, it is likely that the suppression of germination by short days is an adaptive response for overwintering of Chlamydomonas. Therefore, Chlamydomonas is a single-celled organism that is capable of photoperiodic responses.