Application methods affect phosphorus-induced lead immobilization from a contaminated soil

Phosphate rock (PR) and phosphoric acid (PA) are an effective combination of P sources for immobilizing Pb in contaminated soils. This column experiment examined the effectiveness of different application methods on Pb immobilization in a contaminated soil. Phosphate was applied at a P/Pb molar ratio of 4 with half as PR and half PA. While PR was mixed with the soil or placed as a layer, aqueous PA was applied from the top of the column as one or two applications. After 4 wk of incubation, total and soluble Pb and P, TCLP-Pb (toxicity characteristic leaching procedure) and PBET-Pb (physiologically-based extraction test) in the P-treated soil were determined. Phosphate addition effectively reduced leachable Pb to below the EPA drinking water standard of 15 microg L(-1) in all treatments. Mixing both PA and PR with the soil was the most effective method in Pb immobilization, reducing TCLP-Pb by up to 95% and PBET-Pb by 25 to 42%. Application of PR as a layer in the soil column was the most effective in reducing Pb migration (by 73-79%) and minimizing soil acidification and P entrophication, potential drawbacks of PA. Applying PA in two applications was less effective than one application. Mixing PR and PA with the soil plus placing PR as a layer can be employed for effective remediation of Pb-contaminated soils, reducing Pb leachability, bioavailability, and mobility while minimizing soil acidification and P entrophication.     

Combined application of Triton X-100 and Sinorhizobium sp. Pb002 inoculum for the improvement of lead phytoextraction by Brassica juncea in EDTA amended soil

The process of EDTA-assisted lead phytoextraction from the Bovisa (Milan, Italy) brownfield soil was optimized in microcosms vegetated with Brassica juncea. An autochthonous plant growth-promoting rhizobacterium (PGPR), Sinorhizobium sp. Pb002, was isolated from the rhizosphere of B. juncea grown on the Pb-contaminated soil in presence of 2 mM EDTA. The strain was augmented (10(8) CFU g(-1) soil) in vegetated microcosms to stimulate B. juncea biomass production and, hence, its phytoextraction potential. Triton X-100 was also added to microcosms at 5 and 10 times the critical micelle concentration (cmc) to increase the permeability of root barriers to the EDTA-Pb complexes. Triton X-100 amendment determined an increase in Pb concentration within plant tissues. However it contextually exerted a phytotoxic effect. Sinorhizobium sp. Pb002 augmentation was crucial to plant survival in presence of both bioavailable lead and Triton X-100. The combination of the two treatments produced up to 56% increase in the efficiency of lead phytoextraction by B. juncea. The effects of these treatments on the structure of the soil bacterial community were evaluated by 16S rDNA denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE).     

Chromium adsorption by aligned carbon nanotubes supported ceria nanoparticles

Ceria nanoparticles supported on aligned carbon nanotubes (CeO(2)/ACNTs), a novel adsorbent for Cr(VI) from drinking water, were prepared by chemical reaction of CeCl(3) with NaOH in aligned carbon nanotube solution and subsequent heat treatment. The best Cr(VI) adsorption effect of CeO(2)/ACNTs occurs at a pH range of 3.0-7.4. The largest adsorption capacity of CeO(2)/ACNTs reaches 30.2 mg g(-1) at an equilibrium Cr(VI) concentration of 35.3 mg l(-1) at pH 7.0. The experiment results suggest that CeO(2)/ACNTs have great potential applications in environmental protection.     

SARS疫情应急管理系统研究

研究了具有分区预警减灾功能的SARS疫情应急管理系统的结构、模型与开发问题,这个系统被确定具有分区疫情预警、区域减灾对策评估功能.文章首先分析了系统的功能需求和结构体系,进一步讨论了系统的决策分析模型,最后讨论了基于GIS技术建立SARS疫情应急管理系统的技术问题.     

准好氧填埋工艺中通气管径对垃圾填埋气(LFG)影响研究及空气热力学计算

针对我国土地资源有限、垃圾产生量大的特点,准好氧填埋工艺逐渐成为中小型城市治理固体废物污染的首选技术.该工艺中,进入填埋堆体的空气量对垃圾填埋气(LFG)的产生及组分有重要的影响.为了确定准好氧填埋结构中竖直导气管与渗滤液导排主管直径的合理比例,在涿州市生活垃圾处理场建立了中试装置进行模拟准好氧填埋试验,并设置了直径分...     

基于Matlab软件的突发事故水质解析模型与应用

为快速分析突发性水污染事故可能造成的水环境影响,建立了基于Matlab软件的突发事故水质解析模型。以浙江省某河流为例,分析了上游突发水污染事故形成的污染团在河流中的迁移扩散规律、影响范围、事故下游各断面水质变化过程以及取水口等敏感点的超标时间及超标程度。同时详细分析了近岸和远岸边界对污染物反射所造成的浓度叠加影响、合理的边界反射次数,以及水流流速、扩散系数、降解系数等主要水文水质参数对污染团扩散的影响。     

块状型煤中甲烷的非等温吸附-解吸试验研究

为揭示煤中甲烷非等温吸附解吸规律,利用实验室试验方法,以块状型煤为研究对象,研究不同温度和压力下的甲烷吸附解吸过程。试验结果表明:相同温度条件下,随着压力的增高,吸附量增加并逐渐趋于平缓;同一压力下,解吸量小于吸附量,解吸出现滞后现象;相同条件下,型煤吸附量小于煤粉试样。不同温度区间,吸附解吸规律不同。在10～30℃,同一压力下,随着温度的升高,吸附量和解吸量下降幅度较大;在30～50℃,吸附量和解吸量出现先升高后降低的趋势,但变化幅度较小,温度变化对于吸附量和解吸量的影响较小。在10～30℃,温度是影响吸附解吸的主要因素。     

Synergies and trade‐offs in achieving global biodiversity targets

After their failure to achieve a significant reduction in the global rate of biodiversity loss by 2010, world governments adopted 20 new ambitious Aichi biodiversity targets to be met by 2020. Efforts to achieve one particular target can contribute to achieving others, but different targets may sometimes require conflicting solutions. Consequently, lack of strategic thinking might result, once again, in a failure to achieve global commitments to biodiversity conservation. We illustrate this dilemma by focusing on Aichi Target 11. This target requires an expansion of terrestrial protected area coverage, which could also contribute to reducing the loss of natural habitats (Target 5), reducing human‐induced species decline and extinction (Target 12), and maintaining global carbon stocks (Target 15). We considered the potential impact of expanding protected areas to mitigate global deforestation and the consequences for the distribution of suitable habitat for >10,000 species of forest vertebrates (amphibians, birds, and mammals). We first identified places where deforestation might have the highest impact on remaining forests and then identified places where deforestation might have the highest impact on forest vertebrates (considering aggregate suitable habitat for species). Expanding protected areas toward locations with the highest deforestation rates (Target 5) or the highest potential loss of aggregate species’ suitable habitat (Target 12) resulted in partially different protected area network configurations (overlapping with each other by about 73%). Moreover, the latter approach contributed to safeguarding about 30% more global carbon stocks than the former. Further investigation of synergies and trade‐offs between targets would shed light on these and other complex interactions, such as the interaction between reducing overexploitation of natural resources (Targets 6, 7), controlling invasive alien species (Target 9), and preventing extinctions of native species (Target 12). Synergies between targets must be identified and secured soon and trade‐offs must be minimized before the options for co‐benefits are reduced by human pressures.