Towards the harmonization between National Forest Inventory and Forest Condition Monitoring. Consistency of plot allocation and effect of tree selection methods on sample statistics in Italy

In the frame of a process aiming at harmonizing National Forest Inventory (NFI) and ICP Forests Level I Forest Condition Monitoring (FCM) in Italy, we investigated (a) the long-term consistency between FCM sample points (a subsample of the first NFI, 1985, NFI_1) and recent forest area estimates (after the second NFI, 2005, NFI_2) and (b) the effect of tree selection method (tree-based or plot-based) on sample composition and defoliation statistics. The two investigations were carried out on 261 and 252 FCM sites, respectively. Results show that some individual forest categories (larch and stone pine, Norway spruce, other coniferous, beech, temperate oaks and cork oak forests) are over-represented and others (hornbeam and hophornbeam, other deciduous broadleaved and holm oak forests) are under-represented in the FCM sample. This is probably due to a change in forest cover, which has increased by 1,559,200 ha from 1985 to 2005. In case of shift from a tree-based to a plot-based selection method, 3,130 (46.7 %) of the original 6,703 sample trees will be abandoned, and 1,473 new trees will be selected. The balance between exclusion of former sample trees and inclusion of new ones will be particularly unfavourable for conifers (with only 16.4 % of excluded trees replaced by new ones) and less for deciduous broadleaves (with 63.5 % of excluded trees replaced). The total number of tree species surveyed will not be impacted, while the number of trees per species will, and the resulting (plot-based) sample composition will have a much larger frequency of deciduous broadleaved trees. The newly selected trees have—in general—smaller diameter at breast height (DBH) and defoliation scores. Given the larger rate of turnover, the deciduous broadleaved part of the sample will be more impacted. Our results suggest that both a revision of FCM network to account for forest area change and a plot-based approach to permit statistical inference and avoid bias in the tree sample composition in terms of DBH (and likely age and structure) are desirable in Italy. As the adoption of a plot-based approach will keep a large share of the trees formerly selected, direct tree-by-tree comparison will remain possible, thus limiting the impact on the time series comparability. In addition, the plot-based design will favour the integration with NFI_2.     

Flow and Pollutant Dispersion in Street Canyons using FLUENT and ADMS-Urban

This paper is devoted to the study of flow within a small building arrangement and pollutant dispersion in street canyons starting from the simplest case of dispersion from a simple traffic source. Flow results from the commercial computational fluid dynamics (CFD) code FLUENT are validated against wind tunnel data (CEDVAL). Dispersion results from FLUENT are analysed using the well-validated atmos pheric dispersion model ADMS-Urban. The k − ε turbulence model and the advection-diffusion (AD) method are used for the CFD simulations. Sensitivity of dispersion results to wind direction within street canyons of aspect ratio equal to 1 is investigated. The analysis shows that the CFD model well reproduces the wind tunnel flow measurements and compares adequately with ADMS-Urban dispersion predictions for a simple traffic source by using a slightly modified k − ε model. It is found that a Schmidt number of 0.4 is the most appropriate number for the simulation of a simple traffic source and in street canyons except for the case when the wind direction is perpendicular to the street canyon axis. For this last case a Schmidt number equal to 0.04 gives the best agreement with ADMS-Urban. Overall the modified k − ε turbulence model may be accurate for the simulation of pollutant dispersion in street canyons provided that an appropriate choice for coefficients in the turbulence model and the Schmidt number in the diffusion model are made.     

Distribution of Cd and As in organs and tissues of four marine mammal species stranded along the Italian coasts

Concentrations of Cd and As were determined in organs and tissues (muscle, heart, kidney, lung and liver) of four cetacean species (Stenella coeruleoalba, Truncatus truncatus, Grampus griseus and Ziphius cavirostris) stranded along the Italian coasts during the period 2000-2009. Significant differences were found between Cd concentrations in the different analysed tissues. Particularly, the kidney shows the highest concentrations of Cd in all analysed specimens, followed by the liver. No systematic or statistically significant difference in As concentrations was found in the analysed tissues. Considerable differences of Cd and As values in samples from different geographical areas (Sicily Channel, Adriatic Sea and Tyrrhenian Sea) were found, with the highest values measured in samples from the Sicily Channel. This basically suggests that anthropogenic and natural sources significantly affect Cd and As content in cetaceans.     

泰山酸雨长期变化趋势及影响因素

酸雨污染是我国长期面临的重大环境问题之一。本研究基于泰山山顶（海拔1534 m）降水资料,探究了1992—?2020年泰山酸雨的长期变化趋势及其影响因素。结果表明：泰山降水年均pH值经历了波动上升（1992—?1998年）—?下降（1999—?2008年）—?上升（2009—?2017年）—?平稳（2018—?2020年）四个阶段,酸雨问题最严重的阶段发生于2007年和2008年。SO2、NOx排放量与泰山降水年均pH值之间具有良好的负相关关系,表明酸性气体排放是导致酸雨问题的重要原因。受土壤源气溶胶的中和作用和低层大气云下冲刷过程的影响,泰安市（地面站点）相对泰山山顶降水酸度降低、酸雨频率减小。泰山酸雨由“硫酸型”、“硫酸-硝酸型”已转变为“硝酸型”,进一步削减NOx排放量是降低酸雨污染的重要措施。     

温度对制革污泥的生物淋滤除铬效果的影响

温度对利用嗜酸性硫杆菌脱除污泥中重金属的生物淋滤技术有着重要影响.本试验采用序批式摇床培养,在12～36℃范围内,研究温度对生物淋滤法脱除制革污泥中重金属铬效果的影响.结果表明,随着温度升高,污泥pH值下降以及ORP和SO42-上升的速率均显著提高,污泥中Cr的溶出率相应加快.反应温度在28～36℃时,制革污泥中接种嗜酸性硫杆菌同时添加4 g/L的S粉作为能源物质,生物淋滤反应8d,Cr的溶出率可高达100%.控温在28℃较适宜今后的工程应用.     

化工企业职业中毒事故应急能力调查

本文从两起化工企业的急性职业中毒事故分析入手,在化工企业急性职业中毒应急能力调查数据的基础上,结合企业急性职业中毒应急救援的过程,对调查结果中有关事故原因、应急救援预案、应急演练、事故现场救援、员工教育培训等数据进行分析和讨论.     

污水污泥低温催化热解实验研究

在实验室研究了不同热解温度下,经污泥低温热解残留物催化作用,污泥低温催化热解产物的产率及特性。结果表明,与无催化剂相比,污泥低温热解所得的液体产率、油品产率、气体产率等明显增加。油品最大产率所需温度从440℃降低至400℃,油品最大产率从20.5%增加到24.5%,油品的品质有一定的提高。     

Methylmercury production in the water column of an ultraoligotrophic lake of Northern Patagonia, Argentina

Methyl-mercury (CH3Hg+) production was studied in freshwaters from lake Moreno, an ultraoligotrophic system belonging to Northern Patagonia. Hg2+ labelled with high specific activity 197Hg was spiked to water samples in concentrations of 10 ng l(-1), and incubated in laboratory for 3d time trends under different conditions. Experimental water was sampled daily to evaluate CH3(197)Hg+ production. Lake water used in the experiments was sampled just below the upper limit of the metalimnion ( approximately 30 m depth), where maximum values of chlorophyll a have been measured previously. Sampling was performed in late autumn, when the plankton fraction <50 microm exhibited mercury concentrations up to 260 microg g(-1) dry weight. The experiments analysed lake water filtered through 50, 20, and 0.2 microm (filter-sterilized) mesh nets. ASTM grade 1 water was also incubated for control. All the experiments were run in an environmental chamber under controlled temperature and light regime. High Hg2+ conversion to CH3Hg+, up to 50%, was measured in lake water, in a process stimulated by light. CH3Hg+ production was two-fold higher after 3d of incubation with illumination compared to total darkness. Sterile lake water showed conversions up to 30%, while the planktonic components seem to enhance the CH3Hg+ production. Overall, our results provide evidence that lake Moreno waters favour CH3Hg+ production in processes stimulated by light. Although biotic components certainly contribute to enhance mercury methylation, water chemistry plays a key role in this process. We hypothesize that dissolved organic matter, particularly its quality, could be decisive.     

跨国石油公司环境保护机制的比较分析＊

当前我国石油企业环境风险大、环境影响范围广,亟待建立长期有效、切实可行的环保机制。文章通过国内外石油企业环保机制的对比,探讨我国石油企业环保机制存在的主要问题,从发展战略、管理标准和支撑体系等三个层面提出了构建环保长效机制的建议。