Characterization and biodegradation kinetics of a new cold-adapted carbamazepine-degrading bacterium, Pseudomonas sp. CBZ-4

Carbamazepine is frequently detected in waters and hardly eliminated during conventional wastewater treatment processes due to its complicated chemical structure and resistance to biodegradation. A carbamazepine-degrading bacterium named CBZ-4 was isolated at a low temperature （10℃） from activated sludge in a municipal wastewater treatment plant. Strain CBZ-4, which can use carbamazepine as its sole source of carbon and energy, was identified as Pseudomonas sp. by the 16S rRNA gene sequence. The composition and percentage of fatty acids, which can reveal the cold-adaptation mechanism of strain CBZ-4, were determined. Strain CBZ-4 can effectively degrade carbamazepine at optimal conditions： pH 7.0, 10℃, 150 r/min rotation speed, and 13% inoculation volume. The average removal rate of carbamazepine was 46.6% after 144 hr of incubation. The biodegradation kinetics of carbamazepine by CBZ-4 was fitted via the Monod model. Vmax and Ks were found to be 0.0094 hr^-1 and 32.5 mg/L, respectively.     

安徽省城市地表灰尘重金属污染及人体健康风险评价

本研究收集了安徽省合肥、蚌埠、芜湖、淮南、安庆、铜陵和宿州7个城市地表灰尘重金属含量的数据,分别采用地累积指数法、美国环境保护署(USEPA)人体健康风险评价法对地表灰尘重金属污染程度和人体健康风险水平进行评价。结果表明,所研究的安徽省7个城市地表灰尘中Pb、Cd、Cr、Zn和Cu平均含量分别为123.73±81.70、5.34±6.54、96.40±37.36、941.03±1 007.39和269.77±441.59 mg/kg,均高于安徽省土壤环境背景值。地累积指数法评价结果显示,安徽省城市地表灰尘Cr为轻度污染, Pb为中度污染,Zn为重度污染,Cd和Cu为严重污染。人体健康风险评价结果表明,安徽省城市地表灰尘重金属对儿童存在着明显的非致癌健康风险,对成人产生的非致癌健康风险不明显。重金属Cd和Cr致癌风险在安全范围内,不会对人群产生明显的致癌效应。手-口摄入是人体暴露于地表灰尘产生健康风险的主要途径,在同一暴露途径下儿童所遭遇的健康风险高于成人,儿童更容易受到地表灰尘中污染物的危害。     

Removal of Pb(II) from aqueous solution by hydrous manganese dioxide: Adsorption behavior and mechanism

Hydrous manganese dioxide (HMO) synthesized by redox of potassium permanganate and hydrogen peroxide was used as an adsorbent for Pb(Ⅱ) removal.The specific surface area,pore volume and BJH pore diameter of the HMO were 79.31m2/g,0.07cm3/g and 3.38 nm,respectively.The adsorption equilibrium at 298K could be well described by the Langmuir isotherm equation with q max value of 352.55mg/g.The negative values of G and the positive values of H and S indicated the adsorption process was spontaneous and endothermic.The pseudo second-order equation could best fit the adsorption data.The value of the calculated activation energy for Pb(Ⅱ) adsorption onto the HMO was 38.23 kJ/mol.The uptake of Pb(Ⅱ) by HMO was correlated with increasing surface hydroxyl group content and the main adsorbed speciation was PbOH+.The final chemical state of Pb(Ⅱ) on the surface of HMO was similar to PbO.HMO was a promising candidate for Pb(Ⅱ) removal from aqueous solution.     

两种天然矿物改性材料对模拟废水中Cd2+的吸附特性

为了提升天然非金属矿物对Cd2+的吸附性能,采用MT（蒙脱石）和HP（海泡石）为前驱材料,依次通过酸纯化和SDS（十二烷基磺酸钠）改性后合成了有机非金属矿物材料,利用扫描电镜（SEM）、傅里叶变换红外光谱（FT-IR）、X射线荧光光谱分析（XRF）等手段对2种改性材料〔SDS-MT（十二烷基磺酸钠改性蒙脱石）和SDS-HP（十二烷基磺酸钠改性海泡石）〕吸附Cd2+的机制进行探究,并对吸附过程分别进行了动力学拟合和等温吸附方程拟合.结果表明:①SDS-MT和SDS-HP吸附模拟废水中Cd2+的效果分别比未改性的MT和HP平均提升约40%和19.5%. ②改性过程没有改变2种前驱材料的基本结构,但引起其元素质量分数、阳离子交换量和比表面积的改变. ③SDS-MT、SDS-HP对模拟废水中Cd2+的吸附量受溶液的pH影响较大,最大吸附量分别达16.54、9.24 mg/g,2种改性材料对模拟废水中Cd2+的吸附过程能较好地满足准二级动力学方程,并且其平衡传质时间较短. ④SDS-MT对模拟废水Cd2+的吸附模型较满足于Freundlich吸附等温模型,推测SDS-MT是一种有限吸附位点的吸附剂,吸附过程为单分子层吸附,而SDS-HP则较好的满足Langmuir吸附等温模型.研究显示,对2种天然非金属矿物材料的有机改性能够有效提升材料对Cd2+的吸附容量,发挥材料的实际运用价值.      

固体浓度对生物淋滤法去除制革污泥中铬的影响

采用序批式摇床培养,研究了含固率为2%～10%的污泥浓度对生物淋滤法去除制革污泥中重金属Cr效果的影响.结果表明,淋滤处理8d,不同浓度处理Cr的去除率均达95%以上;污泥浓度越低,则污泥中Cr的去除率相对越高,去除速率也越快.如含固率在6%以下的污泥其Cr的去除率在第6d时就达100%. 6%的污泥浓度在实际应用中较为合适.在相同的pH值条件下不同含固率的污泥均有相似的Cr去除率.Cr大量溶出时,具有明显的pH临界点.当pH<2时污泥中Cr的去除率才可达到80%以上.     

多孔SBA-15颗粒对Cd(Ⅱ)的吸附缝合及其对土壤Cd(Ⅱ)的修复潜力

为拓展多孔硅酸盐等矿物材料在钝化土壤重金属中的应用,以Na2Si O_3为硅源,制备了二氧化硅多孔材料SBA-15,用透射电镜、X射线衍射、氮气吸附-解吸和红外光谱等手段对其结构进行了表征,并在此基础上,以批试验法研究了SBA-15对Cd(Ⅱ)吸附特征和缝合性能,并通过小青菜盆栽试验法探讨了其对土壤Cd的钝化潜力.结果表明,合成的SBA-15具有规则中孔特征,比表面积507.3 m2·g-1,孔径7.38 nm;体系pH≥7.0时,在100 mg·L~(-1)的Cd(Ⅱ)溶液中SBA-15的最大吸附量可达76.43 mg·g-1,吸附过程可用Langmuir模型描述,增加介质离子强度对Cd(Ⅱ)的吸附具有抑制作用.吸附Cd(Ⅱ)后的SBA-15可以用0.1 mol·L~(-1)HNO_3进行再生,但当向吸附Cd(Ⅱ)的SBA-15中引入Na2Si O_3后,可以通过SBA-15的孔隙缝合有效地固定被吸附的Cd(Ⅱ),从而抑制Cd(Ⅱ)向环境中释放.小青菜盆栽试验表明,SBA-15对Cd(Ⅱ)污染土壤的改良效果明显,能有效地降低土壤有效态Cd(Ⅱ)的含量,促进土壤Cd水溶态和交换态向碳酸盐和铁锰氧化物结合态及残渣态的转化,抑制Cd(Ⅱ)在小青菜体内的积累,增加小青菜产量.研究表明,利用SBA-15的吸附缝合能力以SBA-15和Na2Si O_3配合使用,是进行土壤中Cd修复的有效方法.     

Mercury in an ultraoligotrophic North Patagonian Andean lake (Argentina): Concentration patterns in di erent components of the water column

The deep, ultraoligotrophic piedmont lakes of Northern Patagonia (Argentina) are located in pristine and barely impacted areas, along a wide latitudinal range. Several studies have reported moderate to high total mercury (Hg) concentrations and contrasting methylmercury (CH3Hg+) production in di erent lake compartments. Sources of Hg for western Patagonian terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems are still not clear; while point sources can be ruled out and atmospheric deposition is a plausible source, along with contribution from active volcanic areas of the Andes. In this investigation, we reported a noticeably seasonal, spatial (between lake branches), and vertical (between water column strata) heterogeneity in the total Hg concentrations found in the pelagic zone of Lake Moreno. Sterile water samples taken in a depth profile of the lake showed moderate to high concentrations of CH3Hg+ in autumn with a decreasing trend with depth. Our results indicated that Hg is largely allocated in the plankton fraction between 10–53 m; which dominated within the euphotic (epilimnetic) zone of the lake due to the high densities attained by two species of the dinoflagellate Gymnodinium. The 53–200 m planktonic size fraction (comprising rotifers, ciliates and immature stages of crustaceans) and the > 200 m fraction (calanoid copepods and cladocerans) were found to bear strikingly lower total Hg concentrations, suggesting that the magnification of Hg at the planktonic consumer level is negligible.     

ARIMA时间序列分析模型在臭氧浓度中长期预报中的应用

近年来,京津冀地区近地面臭氧浓度呈现上升趋势,臭氧污染超标情况严重.目前由于前体物源排放清单、臭氧生成和扩散的物理和化学过程机制存在不足等原因,导致了数值模型在预报夏季臭氧浓度时仍然存在较大偏差,而时间序列分析方法由于具有建模简单、计算成本低的特点,在臭氧污染预报中具有很好的应用前景.本研究利用华北区域大气本底站上甸子站点和环境监测总站天津和保定站点的臭氧观测数据,采用ARIMA时间序列分析模型开展臭氧浓度中长期预报研究.结果表明,季节性ARIMA模型在预报臭氧长期月均值时,预测值和观测值的相关系数R可达0.951,均方根误差RMSE仅为10.2 μg·m^-3.加入了日最高气温及二次项作为协变量的动态ARIMA模型,对臭氧日最大8 h滑动平均值的预报效果得到了很大提升,预测值和观测值的相关系数由0.296~0.455提升至0.670~0.748,RMSE得到了有效降低.     

硫酸盐还原菌在中水中的分离及生长特性研究

硫酸盐还原菌造成的金属管件腐蚀是一个重要的环境问题。本文通过测定细菌的生长曲线和硫酸盐还原率,研究了硫酸盐还原菌在实际中水中的生长情况以及中水在不同浓缩倍率下离子强度对硫酸盐还原菌生长的影响情况。试验所用单一菌种的硫酸盐还原菌分离纯化自使用城市中水作为循环冷却水补水的北京某热电厂冷却水塔底粘泥,结果显示,在试验条件下,该硫酸盐还原菌在实际中水中可以大量繁殖生长。生长阶段分别为指数生长期、稳定生长期和衰亡期。d3时细菌数量达到峰值,10d时硫酸盐还原率可以达到58.8%。培养环境pH值的变化情况能够反映硫酸盐还原菌的活性:SRB细菌活性强,pH值升高;细菌活性降低,pH值降低。另外,实际中水经浓缩后离子强度的增加对SRB的生长繁殖起到了促进作用。     

沉水植被降低水体浊度的机理研究

水体浊度的变化影响着水生态系统的健康,而沉水植被对降低水体浊度具有显著效果. 为明确沉水植物对泥沙的作用机理,以苦草为试验用草,开展室内水槽试验. 结果表明,苦草斑块降低了水流的输沙能力,根据试验资料估算,斑块区水流的输沙能力仅约为无草时的10%. 利用象限分析法分析了实测的紊动流场,解释了植物对泥沙作用的物理过程. 在苦草斑块区,植物冠顶以下区域(相对高度小于1.00)为下扫流态,紊动漩涡形成的下扫流将泥沙带入水底,而近底层的喷射流抵消了下扫流的能量,抑制下扫流对泥沙的冲击起动,并使下扫流挟带的泥沙顺利淤积;在植物冠顶以上区域除高密度(172株/m2)工况为下扫流态外,中、低密度(86、43株/m2)工况均为喷射流态,不利于泥沙沉降. 由于泥沙主要存在于下层水体,因此沉水植被有利于减小水体浊度.