北京某环路两侧土壤重金属污染风险评价

为了解北京市某环路两侧土壤重金属污染现状,对其22处采样截面的44个样品中的Cr、Ni、Cu、Zn、Cd和Pb总量进行测定,并用改进的BCR法对重金属形态进行分步提取和测定.结果表明,Cr、Pb和Cd的总量分别是北京地区土壤背景值的7.48、6.65和5.13倍;从提取形态来看,6种重金属主要以活性较低的还原态、氧化态和残渣态存在.采用4种评价方法从不同角度对研究区域土壤中重金属的污染风险进行了评价.基于总量的地累积评价结果显示,Cr、Pb和Cd污染级别最高,Ni、Cu和Zn次之;潜在生态风险指数法评价结果为Cd>Pb>Ni>Cr>Cu>Zn;基于形态学的评价方法 RAC风险评价法得到生物可利用性顺序为Zn>Cd>Ni>Cu>Pb>Cr;而次生相与原生相比值法的结论是生物潜在可利用性依次为Zn>Pb>Cd>Cu>Ni>Cr.     

城市安全生产预警系统框架及关键技术研究

随着经济全球化和世界一体化进程的加快,城市安全生产问题成为各个国家日益关注的新兴社会问题.我国城市安全生产预警系统还不健全,处理和管理危机能力不强,需要进一步完善.通过运用系统学、管理学等理论和方法,依据城市安全生产现状,构建了城市预警系统的总体框架.通过对预警系统关键技术的分析研究,使城市生产安全事故预警处置做到组织科学化、指挥智能化、处理系统化、保障统筹化,增强和保证城市安全生产综合管理能力和抗风险能力.     

Sb release characteristics of the solid waste produced in antimony mining smelting process

Sb release characteristics of blast furnace slag, mining waste rock and tailing sand were investigated in static immersion and dynamic leaching test. These three kinds of waste samples were collected from the antimony mine in Lengshuijiang, China, produced in mining smelting process. Effects of solid/liquid ratio, sample size and pH of leaching solution on Sb release characteristics were inspected based on the analysis of scanning electron microscope, pH and EC of leachate. The optimal parameters for Sb leaching of each sample were analyzed. For blast furnace slag and mining waste rock, Sb release contents increased along with the decline of solid/liquid ratio. The maximum accumulative release contents were 42.13, 34.26 mg/kg at the solid/liquid ratio of 1:20. While Sb release content for tailing sand decreased first and then increased with the reduction of solid/liquid ratio. When the solid/liquid ratio was 1:5, the accumulative Sb release content reached the most (24.30 mg/kg). Sb release content of mining waste rock increased with the drop of leaching solution pH, with the highest accumulative release content of 26.01 mg/kg at pH 2.0. Sb release contents of blast furnace slag and tailing sand showed positive correlation with the variation of leaching solution pH. The maximum accumulative release contents of these two samples were 215.91 and 147.83 mg/kg, respectively, when leaching solution pH was 7.0. In summary, Sb release capacity of the three samples in descending order was tailing sand, blast furnace slag and mining waste rock. pH and EC of the leachate in dynamic test varied independently with the initial pH of leaching solution while showing close relationship with mineral hydrolysis in the waste.     

胜利油田油井动态异常干扰排除研究

本文通过对油井采油工艺和油藏地质的分析,探讨了油井动态异常干扰影响因素与形成机制,确定了由非地震前兆因素引起的油井动态干扰异常的排除方法和步骤,进一步讨论了今后地震观测油井在选井中应该注意的几个问题。     

农垦系统污水处理政策机制探讨——以黑龙江垦区为例

基于农垦系统工农业生产水资源紧张而水需求与污水排放量大和集中的特点,结合黑龙江垦区污水处理项目建设与运营的客观实际,采用比较分析、归纳演绎、逻辑推理等方法,在论证垦区污水处理项目建设必要性与可行性基础上,剖析了垦区污水处理政策体系残缺不全的状况,并架构了一套同农垦系统污水处理回用项目建设需求相适应的政策机制。     

西部地区经济发展与水环境质量的相关分析

认识经济发展与水环境污染的关系,以求西部地区经济与环境的协调发展。文章运用环境库兹涅茨理论和自回归分析模型,对1995～2004年我国西部地区人均GDP与废水排放量的分析,可知西部地区的人均GDP增加1%,则污水排放量增加0.582%,经济发展伴随着水环境质量的持续恶化,说明西部地区目前处于环境库兹涅茨曲线的左半部分。因此有必要加强对水环境的规制和治理,改善经济发展和水环境质量之间的这种两难关系。还表明自回归模型对于西部地区水环境质量的预测也是有效的。     

大型碳化硅生产园区面源源强及减排指标核算

以某年产25万吨大型碳化硅园区无组织排放面源为例,提出基于多个地面站气象数据的CALPUFF模型地面浓度反推方法,优化流场模拟,使得无组织面源源强核算结果更加准确,并以环境保护目标空气质量达标为原则,核算其大气污染物减排指标,得出具体结论:园区大气污染物SO2、NOX、CO、PM10年排放量分别为449.06t、86.98t、5158.58t、115.06t;无组织排放SO2、CO及PM10的减排比例分别为63.5%、19.2%、42.44%,对应减排量分别为285.16 t/a、990.45 t/a、48.83 t/a。     

Plasticity in metamorphic traits of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Rana kukunoris</Emphasis> tadpoles: The interactive effects of food level and rearing temperature

Larval amphibians are particularly likely to encounter variation in rearing temperature and resource availability due to variation in aquatic breeding habitats. In this study, plasticity in growth rates, larval mass, larval period, and size at metamorphosis were examined in Rana kukunoris Nikolskii, 1918 under different combinations of temperature and food level. Larval period and larval body mass was sensitive to food level, and varied with temperature. Tadpoles metamorphosed at an older age at low temperature than those reared at warm temperature. Food level was a significant affect on larval period at low temperature, but not at warm temperature. Mass was heavier for tadpoles reared at low temperatures than those reared at warm temperatures. The effect of food level depended on temperature, because larvae reared at low temperature that were offered a high food level achieved a larger size than larvae offered a low food level, but this did not occur at warm temperature. Therefore, we suggest that high food availability at low temperature prolonged developmental periods, thus larvae are larger as metamorphs than those reared at warm temperatures.     

北方湖库沉积物重金属区域特征及生态风险评价

以白洋淀、衡水湖、于桥水库、松花湖、大伙房水库和小兴凯湖沉积作为研究对象,通过对北方六湖库沉积物中Cu、Zn、Pb、Cr、Ni等重金属元素进行分析,并与国内外其他水域重金属污染情况进行多因素比较,探讨了六湖库主要重金属污染源的差异性,区域分布特征以及与国内外其他水域污染的相似性和区别.结果表明,六湖库沉积物重金属污染处于中等偏下水平.六湖库之间主要重金属污染源存在差别.沉积物重金属含量未出现明显上升的趋势.其中Zn、Pb存在富集现象,但Pb含量与历史数据相比出现下降,Zn的含量与其他地区相比整体偏高.大伙房水库沉积物重金属污染较重,Cu、Zn、Pb、Cr、Ni含量平均值分别为56.28,142.3,17.44,97.9,44.44mg/kg.小兴凯湖沉积物重金属含量最低,Cu、Zn、Pb、Cr、Ni含量平均值分别为2.41,63.90,13.37,56.36,26.09mg/kg.六湖库综合风险评价结果为大伙房水库>于桥水库>白洋淀>衡水湖>松花湖>小兴凯湖,重金属整体潜在生态风险指数为低.     

岷江流域地表水水质的模糊综合评价

岷江是长江上游的一个重要支流，其水质安全对维持成都平原正常的生产生活起着至关重要的作用。采用模糊综合评价的方法，对岷江流域14个地表水监测断面的水质状况进行了综合评价。结果表明：在14个监测断面中，处于清洁和未污染程度的断面占50％，主要位于岷江流域的上游和下游，其水质状况较好；处于重污染的断面占29％，主要位于岷江流域的中游，水质状况较差。因此，需要加强流域综合治理尤其是对岷江中游的治理，以确保岷江流域的水质安全。