震后灾害链生机制及其对汶川地震城镇重建的影响

汶川8级大地震对地表产生强烈扰动,导致次生山地灾害极度发育,影响到震后灾害的活动特征及其相应的减灾对策。震后松散固体物质急剧增加、流域微地貌变化明显(沟道堵塞严重)、水文变化利于侵蚀和洪峰,使得灾害群发链生:崩塌、滑坡→泥石流→堰塞湖→溃决洪水(泥石流),8月中旬灾区各地因强降雨而大规模爆发泥石流堵塞河道,洪水冲毁掩埋重建城镇,给地震重灾区造成巨大损失。从以汶川县映秀镇为例,在阐述灾害链研究成果的基础上,分析震后灾害链的形成条件、成灾过程以及对城镇重建居民点的危害特点,进而提出灾害防治措施,为灾后城镇建设防灾减灾提供参考建议。     

基于合成孔径雷达的城市建筑地震受损分析

汶川地震灾区位于青藏高原东缘,该地区云雨天气较多,光学遥感受制约较大,而微波能够穿透云、雾、小雨等,且不受太阳光线的影响,雷达遥感具有全天时、全天候的特点,因而可以弥补光学遥感的不足。根据房屋受地震破坏后影响雷达回波强度,在雷达影像上表现为亮度及纹理不同的原理,本论文利用不同分辨率的COSMO-SkyMed和Radarsat等SAR数据,将其与震前的SPOT影像进行配准后,通过纹理分析等处理,对都江堰市区、北川县城曲山镇等受灾较为严重的城镇进行分析解译,利用雷达影像判读出倒塌房屋的信息,以及地震次生山地灾害对城镇的破坏。     

一次风机振动故障诊断及分析

针对某厂锅炉侧一次风机检修后出现的振动大问题,通过进行振动参数测试,并对测试结果综合分析,找出振动故障的原因,提出了改进方案。分析结果表明:风机轴承的振动幅值、振动速度值,振动频谱中的高频分量,均呈现滚动轴承的故障频率特征。从而断定振动故障的原因为轴承失效。     

基于强度退化的震损加固型钢混凝土柱抗剪承载力分析

为了建立碳纤维布或外包钢套震损加固型钢混凝土柱的抗剪承载力计算式,基于碳纤维布或外包钢套加固型钢混凝土柱试验研究,分析了原柱材料的地震损伤以及混凝土受剪机理的差异,比较了不同抗剪模型建立的抗剪承载力计算值的差异性。经验证,计算值与其试验值吻合较好,说明基于强度退化的震损加固型钢混凝土柱抗剪承载力计算公式是可行的。基于GB50010-2010、ACI318-08和CSA-04三种不同抗剪模型建立的抗剪承载力计算值差异较大,说明震损加固柱中钢筋混凝土承担剪力的分析不容忽视。     

硫酸铜和马度米星铵联合暴露对鲫鱼的毒性和效应标记物研究

为探究硫酸铜和马度米星铵对水产动物的生态毒性,本研究以鲫鱼为模型,从急性毒性、亚急性毒性和遗传毒性3个方面研究硫酸铜和马度米星铵单一与联合暴露对鲫鱼的毒性效应.结果 表明,硫酸铜对鲫鱼96 h的半数致死浓度(50％ lethal concentration,LC50)为3.6 mg·L-1,硫酸铜和马度米星铵联合暴露时,硫酸铜对鲫鱼的96 h-LC50为1.4 mg· L-1,马度米星铵对鲫鱼的96 h-LC50为4.2 mg·L-1,硫酸铜对鲫鱼为高等毒性;硫酸铜和马度米星铵对鲫鱼的联合毒性表现为协同作用.染毒第7天,硫酸铜和马度米星铵均可影响过氧化氢酶(catalase,CAT)和谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(glutathione peroxidase,GPx)的活性,随着剂量和染毒时间的增加,CAT和GPx的活性逐渐下降.硫酸铜和马度米星铵单一或联合暴露7d或21 d显著下调cat基因表达,对sod和gpx基因表达无显著影响.染毒后期,染毒组谷丙转氨酶(alanine aminotransferase,ALT)、谷草转氨酶(aspartate transaminase,AST)和碱性磷酸酶(alkaline phosphatase,ALP)活性及丙二醛(malondialdehyde,MDA)含量均高于对照组.硫酸铜和马度米星铵单一及联合染毒均能诱导鲫鱼红细胞产生微核,微核数与硫酸铜和马度米星铵的浓度呈正相关;随着硫酸铜和马度米星铵浓度的增加,肝细胞的脱氧核糖核酸(deoxyribonucleic acid,DNA)出现断裂,彗星尾部所占比例逐渐升高;高浓度联合染毒组红细胞微核率和肝细胞尾部DNA百分比显著高于单一染毒组.硫酸铜和马度米星铵联合暴露可导致鲫鱼血液毒性、肝细胞氧化损伤及遗传毒性的加和性,为评估Cu2+与马度米星铵复合污染对鲫鱼的生态毒性提供基础数据和理论依据.     

An integrated method for the rapid dewatering and solidification/stabilization of dredged contaminated sediment with a high water content

• An integrated method, called PHDVPSS, was proposed for treating DCS. • The PHDVPSS method showed superior performance compared to conventional method. • Using the method, water content (%) of DCS decreased from 300 to<150 in 3 days. • The 56-day UCS from this method is 12‒17 times higher than conventional method. • Relative to PC, GGBS-MgO binder yielded greater reduction in the leachability. To more efficiently treat the dredged contaminated sediment (DCS) with a high water content, this study proposes an integrated method (called PHDVPSS) that uses the solidifying/stabilizing (S/S) agents and prefabricated horizontal drain (PHD) assisted by vacuum pressure (VP). Using this method, dewatering and solidification/stabilization can be carried out simultaneously such that the treatment time can be significantly shortened and the treatment efficacy can be significantly improved. A series of model tests was conducted to investigate the effectiveness of the proposed method. Experimental results indicated that the proposed PHDVPSS method showed superior performance compared to the conventional S/S method that uses Portland cement (PC) directly without prior dewatering. The 56-day unconfined compressive strength of DCS treated by the proposed method with GGBS-MgO as the binder is 12‒17 times higher than that by the conventional S/S method. DCS treated by the PHDVPSS method exhibited continuous decrease in leaching concentration of Zn with increasing curing age. The reduction of Zn leachability is more obvious when using GGBS-MgO as the binder than when using PC, because GGBS-MgO increased the residual fraction and decreased the acid soluble fraction of Zn. The microstructure analysis reveals the formation of hydrotalcite in GGBS-MgO binder, which resulted in higher mechanical strength and higher Zn stabilization efficiency.     

黄土高原不同降水量区旱作苹果园地水分生产力和土壤干燥化效应模拟与比较

为了揭示黄土高原旱作苹果园深层土壤干燥化对果园产量的长远影响,确定果园适宜利用年限,应用WinEPIC模型定量模拟分析了1965—2009年黄土高原半湿润区洛川、半湿润易旱区白水、半干旱区延安、半干旱易旱区静宁等不同降水量区旱作苹果园地水分生产力演变和深层土壤水分动态变化规律,并比较了其区域差异。结果表明：洛川、白水、延安和静宁果园产量均呈现出“先逐年升高达到最大值,之后随当地降雨量变化而波动性降低”趋势,45 a平均值分别为26.05、23.89、22.29和20.51 t/hm²;1~20 a生果园平均年耗水量均高于同期年降水量,导致果园深层土壤干燥化强烈,洛川1~22 a生、白水1~21 a生、延安1~18 a生、静宁1~16 a生的土壤逐月有效含水量呈明显波动性降低趋势,年均土壤干燥化速率分别为59.6、56.9、63.9和64.9 mm/a,静宁>延安>洛川>白水,此后苹果园地土壤有效含水量在较低水平上随季节降水变化波动;洛川、白水、延安和静宁苹果园地0~15 m土层土壤湿度剖面分布变化剧烈,土壤湿度逐年降低,土壤干层出现时间分别为13 a生、11 a生、7 a生和6 a生,土壤干层逐年加厚,在20 a生时均已超过11 m,21 a生以后3~15 m土层土壤湿度保持相对稳定的干燥化状态;4个试点果园水分生产力和土壤干燥化效应区域差异显著,果园土壤水分可持续利用年限为20~25 a。     

赣江南昌段丰水期细菌群落特征

细菌群落是河流生态系统的重要组成部分,本次研究基于高通量测序技术分析了赣江南昌段丰水期（4～8月）细菌群落特征.结果表明,赣江南昌段细菌优势类群为放线菌门（Actinobacteria, 41.18%）和变形菌门（Proteobacteria, 31.79%）,其次为厚壁菌门（Firmicutes, 10.04%）,拟杆菌门（Bacteroidetes, 7.26%）,蓝藻菌门（Cyanobacteria, 4.01%）.在属分类水平上,相对丰度最高的是hgcI_clade（16.39%）.赣江南昌段细菌丰度和多样性在城区上游、城区中心和城区下游采样点间没有显著差别,在不同月份有显著差别.除变形菌门（Proteobacteria）和疣微菌门（Verrucomicrobia）外,其它门水平分类细菌相对丰度在不同月份都有显著差异;不同采样点中,只有Proteobacteria差异显著（主要是Betaproteobacteria差异显著）,其它门水平分类细菌相对丰度在不同采样点的差异均不显著.温度和流量是影响河流细菌群落的主要因子,其中温度与细菌可操作分类单元（OTU）相关性更高,流量则与门分类水平细菌相关性更高,暴雨径流中Firmicutes取代Actinobacteria和Proteobacteria成为丰度最高的菌群.温度、流量和电导率（EC）是影响OTU的最佳环境因子组合,流量和温度是影响门水平细菌群落的最佳环境因子组合.河水化学指标对细菌群落的影响小于温度、流量等水文气象条件.     

毒死蜱对斑马鱼胚胎氧化应激效应研究

以斑马鱼为模型,研究了毒死蜱对斑马鱼胚胎形态学的影响,及其对胚胎的氧化应激和氧化损伤作用.将斑马鱼胚胎暴露在梯度浓度的毒死蜱溶液中96h后,发现毒死蜱会造成斑马鱼胚胎严重畸形甚至死亡,其96h半致死浓度为1.18mg/L.对氧化应激相关基因的表达及抗氧化酶活性和丙二醛(MDA)含量进行检测,结果表明,在毒死蜱胁迫下抗氧化酶(SOD、CAT)活性降低,并且其编码基因(Cu/Zn-sod、Mn-sod、cat)的表达受到抑制;但在低浓度毒死蜱胁迫下,抗氧化酶活性并没有受到显著影响,而抗氧化酶基因的表达对毒死蜱更加敏感.毒死蜱能引起gstp2的表达上调,但GST活性与gstp2的表达变化并不一致.处理组胚胎中nrf2表达上调,从而上调抗氧化蛋白和II相解毒酶基因的表达.毒死蜱胁迫下,基因ucp2、cox1表达下调,能够减少呼吸链ROS的产生.同时基因bcl2表达下调,表明凋亡的平衡受到破坏.毒死蜱处理组中MDA含量显著升高,说明毒死蜱能造成斑马鱼胚胎氧化损伤.     

Distribution of thifluzamide,fenoxanil and tebuconazole in rice paddy and dietary risk assessment

Distribution behaviors of thifluzamide, fenoxanil, and tebuconazole applied to rice were investigated in South China. Analysis was by a modified QuEChERS method with gas chromatography (thifluzamide and fenoxanil) and liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (tebuconazole). Thifluzamide and tebuconazole partitioned mainly into the soil, with half-lives in the paddy soil of 12–14 and 5.3–7.8 days, respectively. Fenoxanil partitioned mainly into the rice plants, with half-lives of 3.3–4.4 days. The half-lives of thifluzamide, fenoxanil, and tebuconazole in paddy water were 0.17–0.89, 1.8–3.0, and 1.6–4.0 days, respectively. The residues in rice grains at the pre-harvest interval of 14 days were all below the established maximum limit values. The dietary risks assessed as hazard quotients at the pre-harvest interval were less than 1.