中国城镇化道路的反思与对策

改革开放加速了我国的城镇化进程。从1978年至2010年,城镇化率由17.92%迅速提高到49.95%,形成了长三角、珠三角、京津冀三大城市群,一批区域性城市群正在加速形成。城镇化的快速发展特别是城市群的形成为推动我国经济社会发展和增强国际竞争力发挥了重要作用。但与此同时,城镇化也带来了突出的可持续发展问题。主要表现在:人口过度膨胀,城市病集中爆发,经济增长与宜居性背道而驰;城市面貌千篇一律,野蛮拆迁横行,土地型资本运作难以持续;进城易,定居难,城乡"二元社会"问题正演变为城市内定居群体与流动群体"二元社会"问题;城市间恶性竞争,产业同构,建立分工协作的机制任重道远。基于此,本文提出了未来10年推进我国城镇化的对策思路:坚持积极发展小城市和小城镇方针,缓解地域中心城市人口压力;创新农村居民点用地管理制度,实现城镇化与新农村建设有机统一;加强城市规划与管理的科学化,全力提升城市品位;建立跨区域城市协调机制,破解恶性竞争与产业同构困局;促进公共服务均等化,消除新老"二元社会"问题。     

Fe_2O_3/膨润土微波诱导氧化处理染料废水

以膨润土为载体,采用直接沉淀法制备了Fe2O3/膨润土负载型催化剂。制备催化剂的最佳工艺条件:硝酸铁质量浓度为8.08g/L,硝酸铁与膨润土质量比为1.0,焙烧温度为350℃,焙烧时间为3h。用Fe2O3/膨润土负载型催化剂微波诱导氧化处理50mL质量浓度为50mg/L的模拟活性嫩黄废水的最佳工艺条件:催化剂加入量为0.5g,微波功率为900W,微波作用时间为5min。在此条件下模拟活性嫩黄废水脱色率达96.40%。微波诱导氧化处理模拟活性嫩黄废水的反应符合一级反应动力学方程。     

Cost-effectiveness of two operational models at industrial wastewater treatment plants in China: A case study in Shengze town,Suzhou City

The widespread illegal discharge of industrial wastewater in China has posed significant challenges to the effective management of industrial wastewater treatment plants (IWTPs) and caused or exacerbated critical social issues such as trans-boundary environmental pollution. This study examines two operational strategies, decentralized model and an innovative integrated model, that have been used in the industrial town of Shengze (located in Suzhou City) over the past two decades at IWTPs handling wastewater from the city’s dyeing industry. Our cost-effectiveness analysis shows that, although the operational cost of IWTPs under the integrated model is higher than under the original decentralized model, the integrated model has significantly improved IWTP performance and effectively reduced illegal discharge of industrial wastewater. As a result, the number of reported incidents of unacceptable pollution in local receiving water bodies had declined from 13 in 2000–1 in 2008. Key factors contributing to the success of the innovative integrated model are strong support from municipal and provincial leaders, mandatory ownership transfer of IWTPs to a centralized management body, strong financial incentives for proper plant management, and geographically-clustered IWTPs.     

提高油田伴生气回收率的研究与应用

文章阐述了陆梁油田在开发过程中采用油气混输技术、天然气发电机橇技术、锅炉烧湿气等技术,将伴生气回收率提高至92.10%;油气混输技术能够实现边缘区块油气全密闭输送;集中处理站锅炉燃烧湿气技术可增加处理站天然气外输气量,降低运行成本;小型活动天然气发电机橇的应用,可以充分利用富裕天然气降低生产成本,同时减少富裕天然气火炬放空燃烧量,收到了良好的经济效益和环境效益。     

植物监测在大气污染监测中的应用

近年来环境污染日益严重,成为举世瞩目的全球性问题。许多国家每年花费巨资对环境污染进行监测和治理。研究发现,植物在大气污染监测中起着不可忽视的作用,并以其价格低廉、方便灵活的特点成为一项具有发展前景的监测手段。简要概括了植物监测技术在大气污染监测中具有价格低廉、方便灵活、反应灵敏、美化环境等应用优点,分析了难以标准化、规范化等局限性。通过举例详细说明了地衣、苔藓等生物监测器在大气污染监测中的具体用途。     

机械冲击振打扁袋和脉冲圆袋除尘器性能对比

对脉冲对反吹圆袋除尘器和机械冲击振打扁袋除尘器进行了数字计算和分析对比,显示前者落后,后者先进,并对空气净化除尘及可预计的节能降耗目标进行了粗估。     

Carbon/nitrogen ratio as a major factor for predicting the effects of organic wastes on soil bacterial communities assessed by DNA-based molecular techniques

Background, aim, and scope  

Current Australian legislation permits the beneficial application of grease trap waste (GTW) to agricultural soil, viewing it as a beneficial source of organic matter and soil conditioner containing no/low amounts of metals or pathogenic organisms. However, little is known about the influence of GTW on soil bacterial community. A field experiment was established at Menangle in south western Sydney in Australia to quantitatively assess the impacts of different types (GTW CO and GTW CL) and amounts of GTW application on the soil bacterial community and diversity. Furthermore, a municipal solid waste (MSW) compost was simultaneously examined to compare against the other organic wastes. Knowledge about the shifts in microbial community structure and diversity following the applications of organic wastes could help to evaluate the ecological consequences on the soil and thus to develop sound regulatory guidelines for the beneficial reuse of organic wastes in agricultural lands.     

Ferrate(VI) enhanced photocatalytic oxidation of pollutants in aqueous TiO<Subscript>2</Subscript> suspensions

Background, aim and scope  

Photocatalytic oxidation using UV irradiation of TiO₂ has been studied extensively and has many potential industrial applications, including the degradation of recalcitrant contaminants in water and wastewater treatment. A limiting factor in the oxidation process is the recombination of conduction band electrons (e ⁻ _cb) with electron holes (h_vb⁺) on the irradiated TiO₂ surface; thus, in aqueous conditions, the presence of an effective electron scavenger will be beneficial to the efficiency of the oxidation process. Ferrate (FeO₄²⁻) has received much recent attention as a water treatment chemical since it behaves simultaneously as an oxidant and coagulant. The combination of ferrate [Fe(VI)] with UV/TiO₂ photocatalysis offers an oxidation synergism arising from the Fe(VI) scavenging of e ⁻ _cb and the corresponding beneficial formation of Fe(V) from the Fe(VI) reduction. This paper reviews recent studies concerning the photocatalytic oxidation of problematic pollutants with and without ferrate.     

维生素和酮苷生产废水中难降解污染物的溯源研究

研究了维生素和酮苷生产过程中各生产工段排水的生物降解特性,评价了各生产工段对生产废水中难降解有机物的贡献率,追溯了可能的难降解特征污染物。结果表明,维生素生产废水中的难降解物质主要来自W1-1、W1-3、W1-5和W1-6生产工段,甲醛、丁烯酮、醛酮聚合物和吡啶可能是导致生产废水难降解的重要原因;酮苷生产废水中的难降解物质主要来自W2-1、W2-3和W2-7生产工段,氯代有机溶剂和苯环类物质可能是导致生产废水难降解的重要原因。建议根据具体生产工段排水的水质特征,有针对性地进行物化处理,提高废水可生化性。     

连续流反应器中培养好氧颗粒污泥的运行效能研究

在连续流完全混合反应器(CSTR)中,采用不同进水方式,以乙酸钠作为碳源配制的人工配水作为原水,对好氧颗粒污泥的运行效能进行了试验研究。研究表明,采用不同进水方式运行的2个反应器在颗粒污泥出现后,运行效能差别不大;好氧颗粒污泥反应器运行高效稳定,在水力停留时间为1.5h、COD容积负荷为1.0kg/(m3·d)的条件下,对COD、TP、NH4+-N和TN的去除率分别为90%、85%、95%和60%,并具有明显的脱氮除磷效果;反应器中存在同步硝化反硝化现象。