Biodegradation of phthalate esters by two bacteria strains

In this study two aerobic phthalic acid ester (PAE) degrading bacteria strains, DK4 and O18, were isolated from river sediment and petrochemical sludge, respectively. The two strains were found to rapidly degrade PAE with shorter alkyl-chains such diethyl phthalate (DEP), dipropyl phthalate (DPrP), di-n-butyl phthalate (DBP), benzylbutyl phthalate (BBP) and diphenyl phthalate (DPP) are very easily biodegraded, while PAE with longer alkyl-chains such as dicyclohexyl phthalate (DCP) and dihexyl phthalate (DHP) and di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) are poorly degraded. The degradation rates of the eight PAEs were higher for strain DK4 than for strain O18. In the simultaneous presence of strains DK4 and O18, the degradation rates of the eight PAEs examined were enhanced. When the eight PAEs were present simultaneously, degradation rates were also enhanced. We also found that PAE degradation was delayed by the addition of nonylphenol or selected polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) at a concentration of 1 microg/g in the sediment. The bacteria strains isolated, DK4 and O18, were identified as Sphigomonas sp. and Corynebacterium sp., respectively.     

藏南羊卓雍错湖水化学空间分异特征

2010年7月对藏南羊卓雍错流域进行了水样采集,通过测定与分析,揭示了流域最大湖泊羊卓雍错表层湖水化学水平分布特征和深水剖面变化规律,并探讨了该湖与流域其他水体化学性质的差异。结果表明:流域特殊的高寒气候、湖泊形状与补给来源、湖岸水系发育程度不同是造成羊卓雍错湖水化学空间分异特征明显的关键。在水平方向上,湖水HCO3-、Ca2+以及矿化度南高北低,而SO42-和Mg2+南低北高。这是由于湖水从南向北缓慢流动过程中蒸发浓缩所致;卡鲁雄曲径流量经空姆错补给羊卓雍错北部,使其矿化度较低。在垂直方向上,愈向湖泊深处,湖水SO42-、Cl-、CO32-和矿化度愈大,HCO3-则降低。与流域其他湖泊相比,羊卓雍错水化学性质与同属以降水补给为主的湖泊相近,与以冰雪融水补给为主的湖泊差异显著。与河水和地下水相比,羊卓雍错湖水SO42-和Mg2+当量浓度最大,河水和地下水则HCO3-和Ca2+含量较大。     

鄱阳湖典型湿地土壤-植物系统重金属沿湖向富集及迁移转换特征分析

特殊的水文节律导致鄱阳湖形成面积较大的周期性环湖消落带,大量的营养物质和污染物极易在消落带中发生沉积,选择鄱阳湖典型河口型消落带,沿湖向按照不同植被类型设置采样断面,采集土壤-沉积物和优势植物样品(不同组织),分析不同时空下土壤/沉积物和优势植物体中重金属(Cr、 Ni、 Cu、 Zn、 As、 Cd、 Sb和Pb)的含量特征及富集水平,并进一步分析土壤-植物系统中重金属的迁移转换特征,揭示鄱阳湖典型消落带土壤-植物系统重金属迁移转换的影响因素.结果表明,消落带土壤/沉积物重金属含量沿湖向表现为明显的分布规律,呈现为先升高后降低的分布特征,即季节性淹水带土壤/沉积物是重金属富集的主要地带,Cu、 Pb和Sb在土壤/沉积物中的富集水平较高,其中Cu和Sb为显著富集(EF>5);潜在生态风险结果表明季节性淹水带总体处于轻度生态危害水平(70≤RI<140),显著高于淹水带和未淹水带.消落带沿湖向带状分布的优势植物体中重金属含量并未表现出显著的空间分布特征,但表现为显著的季节差异,生长季(4月)优势植物体内重金属具有较高的含量水平,重金属不同介质和组织的分配大体遵循基质>根...     

Winsor I微乳液+臭氧氧化联合处理油基岩屑的研究

采用“含有配制油基钻井液用主乳和油相的Winsor I微乳液+臭氧氧化”联合工艺对油基岩屑进行处理,Winsor I微乳液处理油基岩屑后的所得基础油和部分主乳进入平衡油相,可以用来配制油基钻井液,臭氧氧化对岩屑进行深度处理,进一步降低岩屑表面含油量。论文以处理后岩屑含油量为指标,系统优化了微乳液组成、微乳液清洗油基岩屑工艺和臭氧氧化工艺。实验结果建议微乳液组成为“脂肪醇聚氧乙烯醚硫酸钠+配制油基钻井液用主乳(2:1)”混合乳化剂浓度为6wt%,正戊醇浓度5 wt%,柴油浓度36 wt%,其他为盐水。推荐微乳液清洗条件为固液比1:5,室温下搅拌清洗60 min。此条件下岩屑含油量可以降低至1.41 wt%,微乳液重复使用4次后,岩屑含油量仍可以保持在2.0 wt%以下。臭氧氧化深度处理时,建议工艺条件为臭氧氧化时间40 min,清水pH=7,固液比1:5,臭氧流量5 mg/min,处理后岩屑含油量可降低至0.36wt%。     

Predicting future quantities of obsolete household appliances in Nanjing by a stock-based model

China has become one of the largest producers of obsolete household appliances (HAs) in the world. However, information on discarded HAs in China is deficient owing to the unavailability of reliable data. The estimation of future obsolete streams is a crucial issue for the establishment of efficient waste collection and recycling systems. The present study describes a prediction model to forecast future obsolete HAs on the basis of information of in-use stocks of HAs in households. The model was applied to a forecasting analysis of quantities of obsolete HAs from 2009 to 2050 in Nanjing, China. The results show that a total of about 76 million units (2.8 million tonnes) of obsolete HAs will be generated in Nanjing over the next 40 years. Discarded air conditioners, color TV sets, and personal computers will be the major contributors. The total discarded amount of major kinds of HAs will increase from nearly 1.0 million units in 2009 to a maximum of 2.1 million units in 2040, and then decrease slightly to 2.0 million units in 2050. Urban households will generate significantly more obsolete HAs (about 56 million units) than rural households, due to the difference in their HA possession levels. The results of this study should help the Nanjing municipality to develop the collection and recycling systems and facilities needed for the obsolete HAs generated in the future. From a methodological perspective, the stock-based model provides a suitable tool to predict the generation of discarded HAs in the future.     

民航安全风险定量评价模型研究

在对民航风险评价的现状和常用的定量风险评价方法进行分析的基础上,建立民航安全风险定量评价模型。在计算风险的可能性时,不仅考虑了风险的历史发生概率,而且利用风险发生概率影响因素所发生的变化对风险的历史发生概率进行修正,从而得出在当前情况下风险的发生概率,并且首次提出指数型权重的概念;在计算风险的后果时,考虑风险的直接损失和间接损失,并通过计算多种可能后果的期望的形式,综合考虑多种可能的后果情况;通过上述的可能性和严重性从而达到对安全风险进行定量评价的目的。最后,给出了一个算例,其结果表明该模型具有很强的实用性。     

火灾中植筋连接构件的抗火性能试验研究

为研究火灾中植筋连接构件的抗火性能,进行了35个化学植筋试件在不同温度下(25～200°C)的拉拔试验以及12个植筋连接混凝土构件的受火试验。拉拔试验重点研究了植筋胶的粘结力随温度变化的规律,以及不同温度下植筋胶的粘结—滑移关系,结果表明:随着温度升高,植筋胶的粘结力显著下降。植筋构件的受火试验中,考虑了植筋深度(15d,20d,d为钢筋直径)和保护层厚度(25、40、60mm)两种影响因素。首先对6个试件按ISO834标准升温曲线升温(荷载为常温下植筋构件设计承载力的10%),到指定时间后,加载至构件破坏失效,结果表明:植筋深度和保护层厚度对火灾中植筋连接构件的极限承载力均有重要影响。其后进行了6个构件的恒载升温试验(荷载为常温下常规植筋构件设计承载力的80%),直至构件破坏,结果表明:当保护层厚度小于40mm时,植筋深度和保护层厚度对耐火极限均有重要影响;当保护层厚度大于40mm时,对耐火极限的影响植筋深度要大于保护层厚度。     

内蒙古白云鄂博矿区土壤稀土元素污染特征及评价

白云鄂博矿床是世界上最大的轻稀土矿床,在长期开采过程中向周围环境中释放了大量的稀土元素.为了制定有效地修复方案,必须对稀土元素的浓度、空间分布、分布模式、污染水平和生态风险进行分析和评价.结果表明,土壤样品总稀土含量平均值为6064.95 mg·kg^-1,高于对照点（207.44 mg·kg^-1）、内蒙古（150.95 mg·kg^-1）和中国（184.72 mg·kg^-1）土壤背景值,说明周边土壤出现稀土富集现象.轻稀土元素占到稀土总量的83%~99%,Ce是最主要的轻稀土元素.总稀土的高值区域主要集中于矿源附近,分布极不均匀,受外界干扰较大.各个功能区稀土球粒陨石标准化模式相似,归一化曲线向右倾斜,轻重稀土分馏明显.δCe和δEu的计算显示土壤具有明显的Ce正异常和Eu负异常.La/Yb、La/Sm和Gd/Yb的比值表明,土壤中稀土元素的分布模式是轻稀土元素富集,而且轻稀土元素较重稀土元素具有更为显著的分馏作用.采用4种方法对研究区土壤中稀土元素污染状况和生态风险进行评价.地累积指数计算表明Ce、Nd、Pr和La的均值达到了重污染程度.校正污染程度评价结果显示,不同功能区稀土元素的平均mC_d值范围为7.14~31.38,尾矿库属于高污染水平,居民区和工业区属于非常高污染水平,而采矿区和排土场则达到极高污染水平.污染负荷指数评价显示尾矿库属于中度污染水平,其余功能区则达到重度污染水平.白云鄂博矿区土壤中稀土元素的潜在生态风险指数范围为120.99~6376.46,33%的样点呈现出极强生态风险,16%的样点呈现很强的生态风险,12%的样点呈现较强的生态风险,30%的样点呈现中等风险,只有9%的样点呈现较低的生态风险.因此,亟待采取有效地措施来控制白云鄂博矿区土壤中稀土元素的污染和潜在生态风险.     

电除尘器中水雾雾化特性及对除尘性能的影响

湿式电除尘器将水雾除尘与电除尘技术相结合,可以有效地对细颗粒物进行收集,抑制了二次扬尘的发生。通过研究电除尘器喷淋系统的雾化特性,以及不同供水压力对水雾荷电的影响,并测得其分级效率。研究结果表明:在供水压力为0.4 MPa时,湿式电除尘器的除尘效率大于99.5%;在喷雾粒径为100μm时,对10μm以下的细颗粒物除尘效率大于92%。通过分析,为湿式除尘器喷淋系统设计提供了依据。     

试剂管法快速测定环境水质中的洗涤剂

本文采用维多利亚蓝简易试剂管法，直接在水相中显色快速测定环境水质中的洗涤剂．此法操作简便、结果准确可靠．ｔ检验结果，Ｐ＞０．０５，简易法与标准方法之间无显著性差异，适合于现场及野外条件下使用．