Lead biosorption and desorption by intact and pretreated spirulina maxima biomass

In order to search for locally available and untried biomaterials in China with high removal capacity of heavy metals from wastewater, the feasibility of Spirulina maxima as biosorbent for lead removal and recovery from aqueous solution was investigated. The lead biosorption was studied by using intact biomass and pretreated biomass of S. maxima. The effects of operational conditions (e.g. pH, contact time, biomass concentration etc.) on lead biosorption were investigated. The biosorption was solution pH dependent and the maximum adsorption was obtained at a solution pH of about 5.5. The adsorption equilibrium was reached in 60 min. The biosorption followed the Freundlich isotherm model. The maximum removal ratios of lead were about 84% in intact biomass and 92% in pretreated biomass. The lead adsorbed could be desorbed effectively by 0.1 M nitric acid, EDTA and hydrochloric acid. The results in this study indicated that pretreated biomass of S. maxima was a promising candidate for removing lead from wastewater.     

苯胺废水处理技术研究进展

综述了有毒、难生物降解废水———苯胺废水的各种处理技术及基本原理 ,这些处理技术主要包括物理、化学、生物等方法     

纳米级铁粉脱氯降解四氯化碳

四氯化碳的生产和使用，给人类带来了较大危害。为此，采用纳米铁粉这一新方法对其进行脱氯处理。试验以纳米级铁粉对四氯化碳的脱氯率为考察指标，选用L25（5^6）正交试验方案，考察了降解介质的初始pH值、纳米铁粉的质量、降解温度、摇床转速和脱氯时间5个影响因素。结果表明，pH值这一因素有极显著影响；在得出的纳米铁粉对四氯化碳脱氯的最佳工艺条件下，获得了99．5％的脱氯率，为有机氯化物脱氯开辟了一条新途径。     

Occurrence and behavior of wastewater indicators in the Santa Ana River and the underlying aquifers.

The occurrence and behavior of wastewater indicator compounds in the Santa Ana River (SAR) water and the underlying aquifer recharged by the SAR has been studied. The SAR contains a high proportion of tertiary treated wastewater effluents, up to 100% during summer and fall. The following water quality parameters were quantified: four specific wastewater indicator compounds, ethylene diaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), nitrilotriacetic acid (NTA), a naphthalene dicarboxylate (NDC) isomer, alkylphenol polyethoxy carboxylates (APECs), and selected haloacetic acids (HAAs), nitrate, dissolved oxygen (DO), DOC, total carbohydrate, and phenolic substances. Statistical analysis indicated that normal distribution was adequate to describe the probability distribution of the constituents in most cases. In the river, the concentrations of wastewater indicator compounds decreased as the fraction of storm runoff increased. EDTA and NDC were detected in a monitoring well near the river and in two production wells 1.8 and 2.7 km down gradient with little apparent attenuation. By contrast, NTA, APECs, bromochloro- and dibromoacetic acids appeared to be attenuated significantly during infiltration of river water and groundwater transport.     

Sorption of linear alcohol ethoxylate surfactant homologs to soils

Sorption onto five saturated soils of the homologs within the commercial surfactant mixture Brij 35 (registered trademark of ICI Americas) was investigated. Brij 35 is a mixture of linear ethoxylated alcohols, having an average of 23 ethoxy (EO) groups per molecule and alcohol chain of primarily 12 carbons in length (C₁₂H₂₅(OCH₂CH₂)₂₃OH). In experiments, saturated soils were exposed to various concentrations of the surfactant mixture for specified times, the slurries were centrifuged to separate the phases, the aqueous phases were extracted with 1,2-dichloroethane, and the residual homologs were derivatized with 3,5-dinitrobenzoyl chloride and analyzed by normal phase HPLC. Homologs containing 4–43 EO groups were chromatographically separated at near baseline. At aqueous Brij 35 concentrations below the critical micelle concentration (cmc), the proportion of each homolog sorbed to each of the soils increased with increasing EO chain length through the homologous series. As a result, in experiments where a significant proportion of the surfactant adsorbed, significant shifts in the aqueous phase compositions occurred to mixtures with lower mean EO numbers. A sharp break in the adsorption isotherms occurs at the cmc.     

大型运输机水上迫降动力学分析及模型验证

目的 完善大型运输机水上迫降分析方法,提高分析精度。方法 以有限元和SPH方法为基础,开展大型运输机水上迫降动力学仿真。基于冯.卡门经典入水冲击理论,构造大型运输机机身底部吸力模型,提出基于工程修正的水上迫降动响应分析方法,并通过试验验证。结果 通过分析得出,飞机接水后,机头迅速上扬,俯仰角达到峰值后,机头向下运动,俯仰角逐渐减小,分析得到的飞机姿态变化与试验的变化趋势基本一致。结论 水上迫降模型试验表明,分析误差能够满足工程设计要求。     

鸭绿江口邻近海域夏季粒级叶绿素a分布及影响因素研究

于2016年8月在鸭绿江口邻近海域采集水样,讨论了鸭绿江口邻近海域夏季粒级Chl a含量的空间分布规律及环境影响因素。结果表明,调查海域总Chl a含量介于2.91~17.46 μg/L之间,平均含量为6.54±3.56 μg/L,表层Chl a含量高于底层。小型级（Micro）Chl a含量表、底层分布规律相近,高值区均位于河流入海口处;表层和底层微微型级（Pico）Chl a分布规律相近,含量值在河流入海口处由东北向西南逐渐降低。微型级（Nano）Chl a含量在表层高值区位于河流入海口处偏西方向,底层则呈现北低南高的分布趋势。Micro级Chl a为夏季鸭绿江口邻近海域总Chl a的主要贡献者,平均贡献率为55.10%;Pico级和Nano级Chl a平均贡献率为27.61%和17.29%。Chl a主成分分析结果表明:底层各粒级Chl a含量与各环境因子均呈显著正相关（p < 0.05）;表层各粒级Chl a含量与盐度、透明度呈显著负相关,与硝酸盐（NO₃-N）、亚硝酸盐（NO₂-N）、磷酸盐（PO₄-P）、DIN、氮磷比、悬浮物浓度等呈显著正相关（p < 0.05）;Micro级Chl a含量与营养盐因子相关性更显著。     

四环素对人粪便好氧堆肥过程及微生物群落演替的影响

以人粪便和锯末为实验材料,研究了四环素(TC)对好氧堆肥过程中理化性质、酶活性以及微生物群落演替的影响.实验共设4个处理:CK(不添加TC)、TC100(100 mg·kg~(-1)TC)、TC250(250 mg·kg~(-1)TC)和TC500(500 mg·kg~(-1)TC).采用高通量16S rRNA基因测序技术对堆肥中微生物群落结构进行分析.结果表明,TC对堆肥理化性质的影响与其浓度有关,堆肥中TC浓度的增加显著抑制了堆肥温度的升高,增加了水溶性碳(WSC)的残留,降低了种子发芽率(GI)并抑制了脱氢酶活性(DHA).堆肥温度、WSC、GI和DHA等堆肥参数都可以用来表征堆肥的腐熟度,以上结果表明堆肥中TC浓度高达500 mg·kg~(-1)时,TC阻碍了人粪便好氧堆肥过程并影响堆肥产物的腐熟.而且,TC浓度的增加显著改变了堆肥中的微生物群落演替,降低了微生物的多样性和丰度.TC对堆肥过程和堆肥产物腐熟的主要不利影响是对微生物群落结构的干扰和对生物活性的抑制.     

浑河流域底质类型对硅藻群落分布特征的影响

河流底质可以为硅藻提供附着的基质,不同的底质类型对硅藻群落结构有一定的影响.本研究对浑河流域上23个采样点位进行调查研究,并运用多响应置换过程、典范对应性分析、线性回归分析等,分析河流底质类型对硅藻群落的影响.多响应置换过程结果显示,苏子河、红河和英额河、浑河中游及浑河下游水系之间硅藻群落空间差异显著;香农多样性指数、均匀度指数与物种丰富度的平均值分别为2.57、0.69和15;典范对应性分析结果显示,IOS指数、电导率、总氮和总磷是显著影响硅藻群落结构的环境因子;相关分析结果显示,香农多样性指数、均匀度指数和物种丰富度与IOS指数呈正相关.本研究中,河流底质类型为大石块、鹅卵石等类型时,硅藻多样性较高;而底质类型为淤泥和细沙时,硅藻多样性较低.     

中国水土资源本底匹配状况研究

论文以中国水资源二级区为基本单元,利用单位面积水资源量法和基尼系数法,以二级区水资源总量和潜在可开垦耕地面积为数据基础,评价中国水土资源本底匹配状况,为中国水土资源优化配置提供科学依据。首先根据适宜农作物耕种的高程、坡度和土壤类型条件,得到中国潜在可开垦耕地分布;然后,计算单位潜在可开垦耕地面积水资源量,评价中国水土资源本底匹配分布状况;最后,绘制水土资源洛伦兹曲线,计算基尼系数,对中国水土资源本底匹配总体状况进行评价。研究结果表明： 1）中国北部区域潜在可开垦耕地较多,西南部和南部沿海区域分布较少,未来具有较大耕地开发潜力的区域主要分布在北方; 2）中国本底水资源和潜在可开垦耕地资源空间分布存在严重错位; 3）较之已有研究成果中依据水资源量和耕地面积计算的基尼系数0.566,论文以本底水资源和潜在耕地为基础数据计算的基尼系数0.712要大很多,表征中国本底水土资源不匹配程度要严重得多,中国80%的水资源服务不到23%的潜在可开垦耕地。