Association of emergency room visits for respiratory diseases with sources of ambient PM2.5

Previous studies have reported associations of short-term exposure to different sources of ambient fine particulate matter(PM_(2.5)) and increased mortality or hospitalizations for respiratory diseases. Few studies, however, have focused on the short-term effects of source-specific PM_(2.5) on emergency room visits(ERVs) of respiratory diseases. Source apportionment for PM_(2.5) was performed with Positive Matrix Factorization(PMF) and generalized additive model was applied to estimate associations between source-specific PM_(2.5) and respiratory disease ERVs. The association of PM_(2.5) and total respiratory ERVs was found on lag4(RR = 1.011, 95%CI: 1.002, 1.020) per interquartile range(76 μg/m~3) increase.We found PM_(2.5) to be significantly associated with asthma, bronchitis and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease(COPD) ERVs, with the strongest effects on lag5(RR = 1.072,95%CI: 1.024, 1.119), lag4(RR = 1.104, 95%CI: 1.032, 1.176) and lag3(RR = 1.091, 95%CI: 1.047,1.135), respectively. The estimated effects of PM_(2.5) changed little after adjusting for different air pollutants. Six primary PM_(2.5) sources were identified using PMF analysis, including dust/soil(6.7%), industry emission(4.5%), secondary aerosols(30.3%), metal processing(3.2%),coal combustion(37.5%) and traffic-related source(17.8%). Some of the sources were identified to have effects on ERVs of total respiratory diseases(dust/soil, secondary aerosols, metal processing, coal combustion and traffic-related source), bronchitis ERVs(dust/soil) and COPD ERVs(traffic-related source, industry emission and secondary aerosols). Different sources of PM_(2.5) contribute to increased risk of respiratory ERVs to different extents, which may provide potential implications for the decision making of air quality related policies, rational emission control and public health welfare.     

Soil contamination with antibiotics in a typical peri-urban area in eastern China: Seasonal variation, risk assessment, and microbial responses

The prevalence and persistence of antibiotics in soils has become an emerging environmental issue and an increasing threat to soil security and global public health. The problem is more severe in areas undergoing rapid urbanization; however, the ecological risks of antibiotics, seasonal variability, and associated soil microbial responses in peri-urban soils have not been well-explored. The seasonal soil sampling campaigns were conducted in a typical peri-urban watershed in eastern China to investigate distribution of antibiotics. The results demonstrated higher mean concentrations of most antibiotic compounds in winter than in summer in peri-urban soils. The seasonal variations of norfloxacin, enrofloxacin, and ciprofloxacin were more significant than those of other antibiotics, due to their higher migration ability and bioavailability. An ecological risk assessment demonstrated that chlortetracycline, ciprofloxacin, doxycycline, and ofloxacin can pose high risks to soil microorganisms. Furthermore, the coexistence of multiple antibiotics obviously poses higher risks than individual compounds. A redundancy analysis demonstrated that tetracyclines mainly showed negative correlations with Firmicutes and Chloroflexi, and quinolones showed obviously negative correlations with Acidobacteria, Gemmatimonadetes, and Nitrospirae, suggesting potential inhibition from antibiotics on biological activities or biodegradation processes. However, the persistence of antibiotics in soil results in a significant decrease in bacterial diversity and a change in dominant species. Our results provide an overview of the seasonal variability of antibiotics and the associated effects on bacterial communities in peri-urban soils. The results can provide scientific guidance on decreasing soil contamination with antibiotics to enhance soil security in similar areas.     

京津冀地区居民采暖"煤改电"的大气污染物减排潜力与健康效益评估

散煤燃烧等低矮面源的排放对京津冀等地区采暖季ρ（PM_2.5）贡献较大,是重污染天气形成的重要原因之一.针对京津冀地区居民采暖“煤改电”治理工程,以2025年为目标年,以不做任何散煤治理工作为基准情景,同时设计2种不同的控制情景（控制情景1、控制情景2）,评估不同控制情景下“煤改电”带来的健康效益.通过综合考量民用散煤占燃煤消费量的比例、散煤PM_2.5排放强度,结合京津冀地区各城市PM_2.5源解析结果,确定民用散煤对大气环境ρ（PM_2.5）的贡献系数,计算空气质量改善情况.在此基础上,综合流行病学相关研究成果,运用环境健康风险评估方法,预测不同控制情景中京津冀地区居民采暖“煤改电”带来的健康效益.结果表明:①京津冀地区在控制情景1中ρ（PM_2.5）年均值分别下降4.9、4.9和1.1 μg/m3,在控制情景2中分别下降5.4、5.6和2.0 μg/m3;②在控制情景1、控制情景2中京津冀地区居民采暖“煤改电”带来的健康效益分别为266.55×108和352.34×108元,分别约占京津冀地区2015年GDP的0.38%和0.51%.研究显示,通过实施”煤改电”,京津冀地区可实现的健康效益相当可观,其中,北京市获得的健康效益最大,其次是河北省和天津市.      

抚仙湖夏季热分层时期水温及水质分布特征

为探究高原深水湖泊抚仙湖夏季热分层时期水温水质空间特征及昼间变化规律,于2014年7月在抚仙湖南部、中部及北部各选取一个代表点位,开展了各点分层采样及北部点位昼间连续分层采样调查观测.结果表明:(1)抚仙湖夏季水温分布具有明显的深水湖泊成层期温度分布特征,表面至水深15 m为变温层,水温变幅25.51~22.81℃,15~40 m为温跃层,水温变幅22.81~14.72℃,40 m以下为等温层,水温变幅14.72~13.70℃.湖体表层与湖底层的最大温差为11.8℃,与温带湖泊同期相比温差较小,而湖底等温层水温为14℃左右,较温带湖泊为高,体现了抚仙湖高原深水湖泊自身的水温成层特征.(2)水温成层决定了湖体的化学成层与生态成层特征:pH、溶解氧(DO)及电导率均呈现出与水温分布相同的分层结构,值得关注的是湖底层DO浓度低至2~3 mg·L~(-1),作为贫营养湖泊,抚仙湖底层开始出现溶解氧偏低的现象昭示着其可能面临潜在的生态风险;总磷(TP)及总氮(TN)由于温跃层的阻隔,等温层呈现一定程度的营养盐累积效应;叶绿素a与高锰酸盐指数也均与水温分层存在对应的响应关系,在湖体上层出现最大值.(3)抚仙湖热分层时期,水温分层存在昼间变化,中午光照辐射增强导致温跃层下潜,强度变大,厚度变窄,显著影响变温层和温跃层的pH、DO、电导率及叶绿素a等动态分布,TP、TN及高锰酸盐指数的昼间变化规律不显著.     

不同污水处理工艺非二氧化碳温室气体的释放

甲烷和氧化亚氮是两种重要的非二氧化碳温室气体.城市污水处理厂是甲烷和氧化亚氮的重要释放源.因此,为探究不同污水处理工艺甲烷和氧化亚氮的释放现状和变化规律,通过浮流式表面集气罩对西安市第三污水处理厂（Orbal氧化沟工艺）和第四污水处理厂（A/A/O工艺）生物处理过程中甲烷和氧化亚氮的排放情况进行测定,比较不同污水处理工艺中非二氧化碳温室气体的释放情况,并以第四污水处理厂为例研究溶解氧、温度对非二氧化碳温室气体释放量的影响.结果表明,西安市第三污水处理厂每m³进水释放甲烷1181 mg（以CH₄计）、氧化亚氮36.20 mg（以N₂O计）,西安市第四污水处理厂每m³进水释放甲烷209 mg（以CH₄计）、氧化亚氮54.64 mg（以N₂O计）.温度、曝气方式、溶解氧浓度、亚硝酸盐氧化速率和最大产甲烷活性是甲烷和氧化亚氮释放量的重要影响因素.     

Characteristics of biomass ashes from different materials and their ameliorative effects on acid soils

The chemical characteristics, element contents, mineral compositions, and the ameliorative effects on acid soils of five biomass ashes from different materials were analyzed. The chemical properties of the ashes varied depending on the source biomass material. An increase in the concrete shuttering contents in the biomass materials led to higher alkalinity, and higher Ca and Mg levels in biomass ashes, which made them particularly good at ameliorating effects on soil acidity. However, heavy metal contents, such as Cr, Cu, and Zn in the ashes, were relatively high. The incorporation of all ashes increased soil pH, exchangeable base cations, and available phosphorus, but decreased soil exchangeable acidity. The application of the ashes from biomass materials with a high concrete shuttering content increased the soil available heavy metal contents. Therefore, the biomass ashes from wood and crop residues with low concrete contents were the better acid soil amendments.     

土著水生植物对页岩气钻井废水中Cu和Pb的去除及富集特征

为实现页岩气钻井废水绿色环保无害化现场处理,选取页岩气井场附近的土著水生植物凤眼莲（Eichhorniacrassipes）、水花生（Alligator philoxeroides）、鱼腥草（Herbahouttuyniae）、狐尾草（Alopecuruspratensis）、菖蒲（Acoruscalamus）、雍菜（Swamp mrningglory）为试验植物,考察植物单一养殖与5种植物（凤眼莲、水花生、鱼腥草、狐尾草、菖蒲）组合作用时对页岩气钻井废水中Cu、Pb的去除率及生物富集特征.结果表明:凤眼莲对钻井废水中Cu的去除效率最高,达到83.04%,对Pb的去除效率达到88.89%,根部吸附重金属离子能力较强;鱼腥草对废水中Cu、Pb富集能力较强BCF（富集系数）达400以上,地上转运系数在0.5以上,Cu、Pb主要富集在茎叶;雍菜对页岩气钻井废水的毒性物质较为敏感,不易存活.水生植物组合养殖时,对废水中Cu、Pb的降解速率大于单一养殖,分别达到82.17%、88.03%.试验用土著水生植物对页岩气钻井废水中Cu、Pb的BCF均达到200以上.研究显示,通过土著水生植物对页岩气钻井废水中的Cu、Pb可以进行有效降解.      

污染场地固化/稳定化修复的评价方法与标准

固化/稳定化技术是一项在欧美等国家的污染场地修复中广泛应用的技术.在分析固化/稳定化修复效果常用的浸出试验方法和物理评价方法以及相对应的评价标准的基础上,发现我国固化/稳定化修复效果的评价方法仅有少量振荡浸出试验的方法,还缺少动态浸出试验的评价方法;浸出毒性测试普遍采用硫酸硝酸法浸出评估,忽略了As、Cr(Ⅵ)等含氧阴离子在中性至弱碱性pH下溶解度达到最大的情况;固化/稳定化修复效果的评价标准则主要借鉴固废毒性鉴别与管理方法,但该方法未规定污染土壤资源化再利用时的评价依据;另外,污染土壤和固体废物的自身特性也有一定的差异.提出了基于我国国情的污染土壤固化/稳定化浸出测试和评价标准体系:当污染土壤固化/稳定化后采用卫生填埋或一般工业固体废物贮存、处置场处置时,可参考固体废物填埋处置时的评价方法与标准;当污染土壤固化/稳定化后原址填埋时,则应增加绕流浸出方法或穿透浸出试验方法,其评价标准可参考GB/T 14848—1993《地下水质量标准》或根据关注点浓度的要求进行风险评估推算确定;当污染土壤固化/稳定化后再利用时,需根据再利用的具体情景选择相应的评价方法与标准.      

水利工程背景下河流水华暴发成因分析及模拟研究

研究发现,河流水华暴发的主要驱动因素除受过量营养盐摄入、气候变化导致的气温上升和降雨等限制外,水文情势的影响尤为显著.在高强度人类活动影响下,水利工程开发导致的水文情势改变是否为河流水华加剧的成因之一,是水与环境学科交叉研究亟待探索的一个重要应用基础问题.通过对近10年来国内外在水利工程背景下河流水华暴发成因研究进展的综述,辨识了河流水华发生的"水循环-水环境-水生态"相互作用关系;对考虑水文变化的河流水华预测统计学模型、智能算法和水质水量耦合机理模型等进行了回顾和总结,并提出了基于水循环物理过程联系的生物及生物地球化学过程、社会经济用水与管理人文过程等与河流水华发生相互作用与反馈的水系统论研究体系.当前我国水利工程调水影响区下的河流水华问题研究仍面临着一些难点和挑战:① 过去关于水利工程调水对河流中下游水生态的影响研究多数是基于情景假设和规划条件下的预断,随着近年来我国多个大型水利工程的正式实施运行,当前以实际工程调水为背景（如南水北调、引江济汉工程等）开展水华模拟的研究成果仍然十分有限;② 水利工程调水影响区下的河流水华发生机理尚不明确,当前多数藻类生长模型并没有将流域水循环过程影响纳入考虑因素,对河流生态水文过程作用机理与耦合及定量关系分析方面的研究相对匮乏;③ 现阶段水利工程背景下的河流水华问题研究多停留在定性分析和宏观定量阶段,缺乏基于以水系统理论为导向的水生态系统与河流水文情势共同作用机制的定量化研究.      

河北南大港湿地冬季浮游植物群落特征

南大港湿地是北方半人工的滨海沼泽湿地,具有重要的经济价值和生态价值。研究其冬季结冰期及融冰后的浮游生物群落结构的特征,对于了解其水生生态系统的变化有重要意义。2016年1月5日和3月13日河北南大港湿地两次采样的各站位浮游植物样品鉴定结果表明:该湿地浮游植物为硅藻-绿藻型,共鉴定出浮游植物7门,74属,108种。1月结冰期细胞密度范围为（0.26~6.70）×107 /L,均值为2.25×107 /L,主要优势种包括衣藻（Chlamydomonas sp.）、小环藻（Cyclotella sp.）以及细小平裂藻（Merismopedia minima）。3月份融冰后细胞密度范围为（0.35~16.35）×107 /L,均值为4.28×107 /L,主要优势种包括小球藻（Chlorella sp.）、细小平裂藻（Merismopedia minima）、四鞭藻（Carteria sp.）以及针形纤维藻（Ankistrodesmus acicularis）。结冰期前后,浮游植物资源均较为丰富,结构也比较稳定,但融冰后生物多样性要优于结冰期。由于环境因子空间异质性很大,因此同时期湿地内部各个站位物种种类空间分布和细胞密度差异较大。